tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16407742761902823532024-03-13T20:53:51.461-07:00Socio-economic Justice for AllNo Gain at the Cost of others, but a “Just” Distribution & HumanityMohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-63541332381148619812017-02-22T09:07:00.000-08:002017-02-22T09:07:02.669-08:00Medical Insurance Reform in Saudi Arabia (Lecture)<a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/hDGDvWmNpHg">https://www.youtube.com/embed/hDGDvWmNpHg</a>Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-23386274176802109402014-11-30T16:56:00.004-08:002016-01-02T12:10:40.633-08:00Islamic Banking Regulation & its Application in the USA / Europe / China? Possibilities.. <br />
Islamic banking is neither a mere religious issue nor applicable to Muslim only with limited scope, but is an applied subject with universal character for the benefit of all mankind regardless of one's religion, status, gender, race or nationality. Thus, Islamic banking is applicable with beneficial results to every mankind on earth with no exception in general.<br />
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The issue of Islamic banking regulations & application in the USA, Europe, China or any other non-Muslim state of sovereignty, the following suggestions are made:<br />
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1. An analysis / research shall be carried out on the relevant Article (s) of the Constitution, customs, peoples' perceptions, the government's interest, business prospects & the market phenomena of the respective concerned country, aiming at possible discovery of the implementation of Islamic banking.<br />
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2. Establishing standard regulatory frameworks (Laws, guidelines, policies, standards & manuals) by complying the Shari'ah principles & standard in harmonizing the concerned country's policy & tradition (through the necessary adaptation of the rules of "Masalih al-Mursalah (public interest)".<br />
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3. Continuing with Public awareness programs through media, training, seminars & other forms of human capital development schemes.<br />
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4. Continuing with research in products, policies, standard, system, technicalities, mechanisms, market & dynamic corporate culture by referring to the global standard and practices (subject to the Shari'ah compliance).<br />
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5. Establishment & Operation of the system for the benefit of all within the Halal / Shari'ah spirit.<br />
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6. Enrichment of the continuing communication with & cooperation from the government / policy makers of the concerned jurisdiction. <br />
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- ALLAH (swt) KNOWS THE BEST-Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-62485208138122121642014-08-31T20:30:00.004-07:002014-08-31T20:30:56.683-07:00Effects of Nomination Clause in Takaful Practices<br />Both Modern application and the Divine principles of Shari'ah share the same view that, it is necessary in an insurance (Takaful) policy that the policy-holder should nominate one or more persons as a nominee.<br />
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The question arises as to the legal position or right of a nominee in an insurance policy for example, whether a nominee could be regarded as the owner of the policy or a mere trustee to receive the benefits accordingly from the insurer and distribute them to the right beneficiary. In this section an attempt is made to analyze the legal position and the right of the nominee in an insurance policy under Islamic law. <br />
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Under Islamic law there are number of authorities, which justify the nomination of a person as a trustee to hold a trust both for commercial transactions, as well as, for personal properties. The nominee is a trustee and the governing principles of nominee under Islamic law could be derived from the doctrine of al-Amanah. The word al-Amanah means reliability, trustworthiness, good faith, faithfulness, honesty, and fidelity. <br />
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The word al-Amin means, the trustee, guardian, agent, authorized representative, and safe keeper . According to Al-Murghinani, the author of al-Hedaya, a nominee a trustee is a person who is empowered by another to undertake the responsibility of his property as a trustee. A trustee will not however, be responsible for the trust unless the negligence of the trustee in breaking the trust is proved. <br />
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There are number of Qur'anic verses dealing with the law relating to nomination (trust), which are as follows:<br />
<br />,والذين هم لأماناتهم وعهدهم راعون- <br /> <br />
"And those who faithfully observe their trusts and covenants". <br />
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There are situations whereby, if a person is being entrusted or nominated to hold the minor's property as a trustee, it is the nominee's responsibility to hand over the property upon confirming the maturity of the minor. Allah (s.w.t.) says :<br />
<br />,وابتلوا اليتامى حتى إذا بلغوا النكاح فإن آنستم منهم رشدا فادفعوا إليهم أموالهم ولا تأكلوها إسرافا- <br />
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"Make trial of orphans until they reach the age of marriage; if then you find sound judgment in them, release their property to them; but consume it not wastefully". <br />
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In another ayat, Allah (s.w.t.) commanded not to betray the trust. Allah (s.w.t.) says :<br />
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,يا أيها الذين آمنوا لا تخونوا الله والرسول وتخونوا أماناتكم وأنتم تعلمون- <br />
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"O you who believe betray not the trust of Allah and the Messenger, nor misappropriate knowingly things entrusted to you." <br />
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Again Allah (s.w.t.) commanded the trustee to return the trust to the right beneficiary:<br />
<br />, إن الله يأمركم أن تؤدوا الأمانات إلى أهلها- <br />
"Verily Allah (s.w.t.) doth command you to render back your trust to those to whom they are due" <br />
<br />In other places also Allah (s.w.t.) warned against those who breach their trust. Allah (s.w.t.) says:<br />
<br />,ولا تجادل عن الذين يختانون أنفسهم إن الله لا يحب من كان خواناً أثيما-<br />
"Contend not on behalf of such as betray their own souls; for Allah loveth not one given to perfidy and crime".<br />
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,إن الله يدافع عن الذين آمنوا إن الله لا يحب كل خوان كفور- <br />
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"Verily Allah will defend (from ill) those who believe: verily, Allah loveth not any that is a traitor to faith or shows ingratitude". <br />
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,إما تخافنَّ من قوم خيانة فانبذ إليهم على سواء إن الله لا يحب الخائنين- <br />
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"If thou fearest treachery from any group, throw back (their covenant) to them, (so as to be) on equal terms: for Allah (swt) loveth not the treacherous. <br />
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There are differences of opinion among the practitioners as well as Islamic scholars. Some claim that, a nominee in an insurance policy should be regarded as the owner of the policy who must have absolute right to be the beneficiary over the policy. Some are of the view that, nomination in a policy is necessary and the benefits would be obtained by the nominee in the policy as al-Hibah (gift). <br />
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To rebut the above views relating to the position of a nominee in an insurance policy, it is argued that, if the nominee in a policy is regarded as the owner of a policy, it may contradict with the Divine principles relating to al-Mirath and al-Wasiyah. This is because, the policy is held by the policy-holder upon a contractual agreement in which the policy-holder himself / herself pays regular premiums. <br />
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Therefore, the policy-holder is the one who should be regarded as the owner of the policy, while the benefits over the policy should be regarded as the policy-holder's own property over which the beneficiary would be determined not based on nomination, but based on the principle of al-Mirath and al-Wasiyah, in order to make a fair distribution among the legal heirs of the policy-holder of his (the policy-holder is) property.<br />
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In the second opinion, it is claimed that, an insurance policy should be regarded as al-Hibah and the nominee in it should enjoy the benefits of the policy absolutely as a gift for him (the nominee from the policy-holder). Each and everybody have the freedom to make a al-Hibah, but the al-Hibah is made in favour of a person who has an absolute and perpetual proprietorship over al-Hibah. In a policy, the person is nominated by the policy-holder as a nominee to receive the benefits from the policy as a gift. In fact, this gift is not regarded as perpetual one, but a conditional one.<br />
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This is because the nomination is made by the policy-holder based on an understanding that, if the policy-holder dies before the maturity of the policy, the nominee will be an absolute beneficiary of the gift (policy), but if the policyholder is alive upon the maturity of the policy, the nominee shall not have the right to the benefits of the policy, but only the policy-holder will have the right. In this situation the policy is regarded as a gift, which is not in accordance with the Islamic principles, because: <br />
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firstly, the gift is not perpetual in nature, but is a conditional one. <br />
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Secondly, if the nominee is given an opportunity to enrich himself under the policy absolutely, this may deprive the legal heirs of the policy-holder and is contrary to the principles of al-Mirath, and thirdly, the policy is always regarded as the property of the policy-holder. <br />
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Thus, if the policy-holder wishes to nominate someone to benefit from the policy he may make a will simultaneously of one-third of the benefits under the policy and not more than that.<br />
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Based on the aforementioned Qur'anic injunctions and further illustrations it is submitted that, a nominee is a trustee, and, therefore, a nominee because of nomination shall not have any right to benefit trust, but he should be under an obligation to hold the trust properly and render it back to the right beneficiary accordingly, without demanding any interest over the trust. <br />
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Relying on these arguments and authorities from the Holy Qur’an, it is suggested that:<br />
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(i) In an insurance policy, a nomination is necessary, regardless of whether the nominee is among the legal heirs of the nominator or from outside, for the purpose of future security of the benefits over the policy and also for the fair distribution of the benefits among the right beneficiary.<br />
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(ii) The paid premiums by the policy-holder and also the benefits from the policy should be regarded as a sole property or estate of the policy-holder, while the nominee should be regarded as mere trustee or a mere agent for the future security and fair distribution of the benefits over the policy. <br />
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In Hedayatullah vs. Mst. Rahiman the High Court of Sind decided that, there was nothing wrong in nominating someone in a policy, but the position of the nominee under Islamic law (in compliance with the principles of al-Mirath and al-Wasiyah), is nothing more than as a trustee who has no right over the benefits of the policy but to distribute them (benefits) according to the principles of al-Mirath and al-Wasiyah. <br />
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Similarly, in Malaysia, in Re Ismail b. Rentah deceased, a member of a Malay Public Servants Co-operative Society Ltd. nominated his own daughter to receive his shares in case of his death. <br />
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The nomination in this case, relying on the principles of al-Mirath and al-Wasiyah was held to be a bequest, whose validity was subject to the consent of the other heirs. In Pakistan, subsequently, in the case of Nur Muhammad vs. Mst. Sardar Khatun, it was held that, the right to receive is not equivalent to the right to receive beneficially. <br />
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This means the nominee in a provident fund is regarded as a mere trustee who may receive the benefits from the fund, which may not necessarily make him (the nominee) beneficiary, but to receive the benefits and distribute them to the right beneficiary according to the Muslim law of inheritance.<br />
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Mr. Justice Wahiduddin Ahmad in Muqaddar Khan vs. Burmashell held that, under the Muslim law of inheritance, a nominee should not be regarded as the legal heir of the deceased and therefore, he (the nominee) is not entitled to the benefits from the provident fund.<br />
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However, in the High Court of Karachi, M.R. Kayani and Illahi Bakhsa Khamisani, J.J. in Karim vs. Hanifa held, relying on Section 27 of Bombay Co-operative Society Act 1927, that, the nominee in a policy is not merely an administrator nor an executor who may take the benefits on behalf of the heirs of the deceased, rather he (the nominee) himself has an absolute right over the benefits without sharing with anyone. <br />
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This decision was seriously criticized as it was contrary to the Muslim personal law of inheritance, and therefore, Dr. Tanzilur Rahman in Majmuah Kawanin-i-Islam suggested that, section 27 of the Co-operative Society's Act be amended in order to harmonize it with the Muslim personal law of inheritance (al-Wasiyah and al-Hibah).<br />
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Later, the High Court of Karachi's decision was correctly overruled by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in Amtul Habi vs. Musarrat Parveen, in which it was decided that, the nomination in a policy does not constitute a gift nor a bequest, and, therefore, a nomination shall not deprive the legal heir of the nominator who may be entitled there to benefits under the law of al-Mirath applicable to the nominator.<br />
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To the same effect in 1973, the National Council for Muslim Religious Affairs, Malaysia issued a Fatwa on succession and will, in which it was related that, in a life policy, a nominee is nothing more than a trustee whose obligation is to receive the benefits over the policy and distribute them among the beneficiary of the policy-holder according to the principle of al-Mirath and al-Wasiyah.<br />
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Based on the aforementioned judicial decisions, Fatwa, and views expressed by the judges and Islamic scholars, it is summed up here that, in an insurance policy, there is nothing wrong for the policy-holder to nominate someone for the security and fair distribution of the benefits over the policy. <br />
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The nomination shall not constitute a gift nor an ownership over the benefits of the policy, but only a mere trust in which the nominee is under an obligation to receive the benefits from the policy and distribute them among the beneficiary of the policy-holder according to the principles of al-Mirath and al-Wasiyah. <br />
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If, however, the nominee is among the heirs of the policy-holder, then he (the nominee) is entitled only to the portion of the benefits according to the principles of al-Mirath. <br />
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But if the policy-holder makes a will for the nominee, he may get only up to one-third of the benefits, and if the nominee is among the heirs of the policy-holder, and policy-holder makes a will for him (nominee), he may be entitled only up to one-third of the benefits, subject to the consent of the other heirs of the policy-holder.Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-31780959790006111282013-04-17T18:23:00.003-07:002013-04-17T18:23:39.777-07:00Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yunus, the Pride of BD & of the Muslim World today <span class="userContent"><span class="userContent"><strong><span style="color: #38761d;">PROF. DR. MUHAMMAD YUNUS</span></strong>, the Pride of BD & of the Muslim World today for Proving to be a Banker to Poor in view of "Socio-economic justice" </span></span><br />
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<span class="userContent"><span class="userContent"><a href="http://www.speaker.gov/video/us-congress-presents-gold-medal-professor-muhammad-yunus" rel="nofollow nofollow" target="_blank"><span>http://www.speaker.gov/video/</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break"></span><span>us-congress-presents-gold-medal</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break"></span>-professor-muhammad-yunus</a></span></span>Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-89134713997205484612013-04-09T06:54:00.002-07:002013-04-09T06:54:15.451-07:00Rejection of Usury (Riba') is a Primary Step to Socio-economic JusticeThe term of <em>Riba</em> (Usury / Fixed Interest) can be understood in many ways by different sources. All these definitions are based on the concentration of incremental value of the transaction between the two persons (lenders and borrowers, bankers and customers.) Riba is not only cover in one area but it can be in different field in economic. For example, in daily life also incur riba. The meaning of <em>Riba</em> can be defined and understood as the lending of money at illegal high rate of interest. But in Islam <em>Riba</em> is different meaning. <br /><br /><em>Riba</em> technically prefers to the premium that must be paid by the borrower to the lender along the amount principal (amount as a condition for the loan) with increment amount. This can know as an extra amount in one of two homogeneous equivalents being exchanged without the increase by return for time. It is the lending of money on interest. It is the cause of any risk, independence of any labor or effort. <em>Allah</em> has strictly forbidden <em>Riba</em>. However, the world today, including the Muslim world, is influenced with <em>Riba</em>. The Prophet Muhammad has confirmed this teaching in Hadith reported from Abu Hurairah; <br /><br /><em>“Their will come a time, he said, when you will not be able to find a single person in the world who will not be consuming Riba. And if any claim that he is not consuming Riba then surely the rapor of Riba will reach him”.</em> <br /><br /><em>Riba</em> is considered as a grave sin in Islam. The <em>Hadith</em> above implied that no one could escape from <em>Riba</em>. The true believers must wage the greatest possible struggle to keep himself and his family free from <em>Riba</em>, to guard himself from <em>Riba</em>. If he does not fight himself from <em>Riba</em> and does not respond to oppression in the world where caused by <em>Riba</em> then his faith is empty. <br /><br /><em>Riba</em> is forbidden irrespective of business nature, it prohibits in all form whether in the form of consumption or production. Any payment relates for a loan and it’s compensating of time for a high rate of return value is considered as <em>Riba</em>.<br /><br /><em>Riba</em> in Arabic comes from the roof word “<em>raba</em>” mean to cut or to prosper and in the <em>Qur’an</em> had mentioned the meaning of <em>riba.</em> There are certain views of jurists about <em>riba</em>. Some of them are unanimous with the loan transaction such as Malaki held the view that the lenders or borrower can pay or receipt profit of the loan which is contradict by <em>Allah</em> but <em>Shari'ah</em> and Hambali schools are not agree in this transaction. What the amount of interest value can consider as <em>Riba</em>? The amount receive from the riba is prohibited event it is as small rate or high rate (from 1%-25%) It does not mean that the amount of interest as 50-100% wills the case of <em>Riba</em>. <em>Riba </em>never defines as undue profit. <br /><br /><em>“O ye who believe! Devour not usury, doubled and multiplied; but fear Allah; that ye may (really) prosper”. (al-Qur'an).</em><br /><br /> Formation of <em>Riba</em>: Islamic law prohibits Riba as a predetermine payment on borrowed funds irrespective of the purpose for which the funds are used. According to the purpose of used, Muslim jusrists classify Riba into two forms: Riba al nasiah and <em>Riba al- fald</em>. <br /><br /><strong><em>Riba al-Nasi’ah</em>: (Usury of credit):</strong><br /><br /> This term in Arabic known as to “postpone” Muslim identifies this <em>Riba</em> in loan as giving to the lender a fixed increment after interval of time over the fixed period and increase of credit over the principal. On the other hand <em>riba al nasi’ah</em> prefer to the repayment in the period which instrumental in earning for the lenders a fixed increment rather than delays in repayment. This was common practice in the pre- Islamic and in the early Islamic era. This form of riba established in all credit transaction where loan was advanced to person on the payment of monthly interest over the principal. In case the debtor unable to repay the principal and accumulate surplus, he will receive an extension of time to pay the loan but at the same time the sum of payment has increased double. In this sense of practice, the <em>Qur’an</em> has prohibited it in <em>surah al-Baqarah</em> verse 276-278.<br /><br /> This forbidden was not limit the transaction even this is in the consumption or product loans transaction. In legal terminology of the <em>Shari'ah</em>, <em>Riba</em> is defined as surplus, profit or increase in loan and sale and it spreads in all economic sectors, in trades commerce and credit for no equivalent return. Therefore, the practice of riba is unlawful for Islamic because the greater benefit is given to the rich who becomes richer whilst the poor and weak suffers. And from this is will creates different socio- economic classes in society. <em>Ulama'</em> have come to a outcome regarding the <em>Riba</em> in banks. In one of the legal compendiums, they declared:<br /><br /><em>"An interest transaction in banks is classified as Riba al-Nasi'ah</em>. <em>This can occur in two ways, when someone deposits their valuable or when someone borrows money (al-Qard) for a period of time and incurs interest either way. Therefore its unlawfulness is the same as the prohibition of Riba and this sin is the same as the sin of involving in Riba." </em><br /><br /><em><strong>Riba al-fadl: </strong></em><br /><br /> It describes as excess over and above the quantity of the commodity advance by the lender to borrower. This is known as exchange of something with different amount of quantity. And this also considers as riba which has been prohibited in <em>Qur’an</em> and <em>Sunnah</em>. <br /><br /><strong><em>Riba</em> and investments in Shares:</strong><br /><br /> Regarding shares and stock market investments, <em>Ulama'</em> have classified this under the category of Awraq al-Naqdiyyah. Basically this is something, which is allowed, with certain conditions and it is also subjected to Zakah payment, provided that it fulfils the Nisab and Hawl and its Nisbah is 2.5% of its value. <br /><br /><em>"Shares is defined as, one of the equal parts into which the capital of a company is divided, entitling the holder of the share to a proportion of the profits. Dealing in shares is permissible in the Shari'ah."</em><br /><br /> Shaikh Syed Mutawalli ad-Darsh mentioned that:<br /><br /><em>"Money in Islam has a role to play. It should not be kept away, hoarded in a vault or safe but should circulate to allow people to make use of its benefits. That is why the books of Fiqh say that the guardian of an orphan must invest that inheritance in a good manner so that Zakah would not deplete the wealth of the child”. </em><br /><br />One may buy shares in any company, which is offering good services to the community, and companies, which do not pursue unlawful trade. For example, we are not allowed to buy into the banking sector because it is ridden with interest. We are not allowed to buy shares into breweries because they are producing something, which is <em>Haram</em>. We are not permitted to buy shares in chemical companies, which produce products, which damage people and the environment. But companies, which are good, pose no problem. <br /><br /><strong><em>Riba </em>in the <em>Qur’an</em>:</strong> <br /><br /><em>Riba</em> has been mentioned in 12 verses in four surah in the qur’anic: these entire sources represent Riba as a opposite of positive activities of trade daily activities. These <em>Qur’anic</em> verses were the 1st to prohibit Riba among Muslim believers such as Surah al-Nisa verses 160-161. <br /><br /><em>“For the iniquity of the Jews We made unlawful for them certain (foods) good and wholesome which had been lawful for them; in that they hindered many from Allah’s Way” And “That they took usury, though they were forbidden; and that they devoured men’s substance wrongfully; we have prepared for those among them who reject faith a grievous punishment.”</em> <br /><br />These verses<em> </em>remind Mankind about <em>Riba,</em> which regarded to the practice of Jewish and it was prohibited between Jews. <em>Riba</em> has been the first mentioned in the <em>Qur’an</em>. It has prohibited for the <em>Muslim Ummah</em>. In the verse 130 of <em>Surah al-Imran</em>, <em>Qur’an</em> has been mentioned any person involve in any transaction that double or multiplied the value are in the case of <em>Riba</em>. <br /><br /><em>“O ye who believe! Devour not usury, doubled and multiplied; but fear Allah; that ye may (really) prosper”.</em> <br /><br />The nature of <em>Riba</em> is under the entire tribes sign the indebtedness to the lender. This practice was common in the pre-Islamic usurers, the repayments amount was double of the original loan .It was prohibited compound usury. <br /><br /><em>Surah al-Baqurah</em> 2:275-281 says to the effect: that whose involve in Riba will accompanies by a treat of the hereafter. <em>“Those who devour usury will not stand except as stand one whom……but who repeat the ( offence) are companions of the five, they a hide there in (for ever)"</em> (2:275-281).<br /><br /> The meaning of <em>Riba</em> and interpretation of the verse (30:39) was confirmed the subject in which <em>Allah</em>, the most high commended among the acts of the Jews in taking <em>Riba</em> and it had been prohibited for them. <em>Riba</em> in the <em>Qur’an</em> has mentioned as a system of economic injustice and it will lead to evil. <em>Riba</em> comes from exploitation and oppression that is sometime canceled in ultimate disguised .It is essentially the lending of money on interest and the influence of <em>Riba</em> was directed toward the realization and preservation of social justice and unity of society. <em>Riba</em> is the most powerful and most dangerous attaches upon mankind. <br /><br /> In the early era, <em>Riba</em> has been described as ‘ increase in capital at the expense of wealth of other’ it can be understood as <em>Riba</em> is the loss of one the power become poor and the gain of other (the rich become richer) .It is not fair for the Muslim ummah . <em>Allah</em> (<em>swt</em>) does not allow us to do this. This business transaction does not the good attribute of the business, rather than it is the opposite of business of religious. Allah, Almighty allows only the permissible transaction (<em>Halal</em>) and <em>Riba</em> is forbidden (<em>haram</em>). In Islam, all aspect of business transaction should be done in mutual consent and each of the parties should gain the satisfaction among themselves in the business transaction. This was stated in <em>Surah al Nisa</em> 4.29: <br /><br /><em>“O ye who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves in vanities: But let there be amongst you Traffic and trade by mutual good-will: Nor kill (or destroy) yourselves: for verily Allah hath been to you Most Merciful.”</em> <br /><br />The first teaching of Islam spreaded to mankind in the <em>Qur’an</em> regarding the matter of <em>Riba</em>. It was specifically related to the case of lending and borrowing. Lending should be use only for the purpose of helping those are in need and it is humanitarian institution, the lenders and borrowers have bond close relationship of spiritualized. And this relationship ought to be a human, fraternal. When the lenders do not involve in any <em>Riba </em>(give higher rate (interest) to the user) lender will become predator. On the other hand, lenders’ wealth will become witnessed in destroying at fraternity and destabilizing the social order.<em> Riba</em> will be the case of destroying the concept of society as family where formerly the community was the insurance, which insured individuals against losses; now individuals have to find for themselves such as in the insurance case. This type of transaction is closely inter-linked with Riba. There is evil life for those were engaged in<em> Riba</em> for the purpose of seeking the wealth of mankind. The<em> Qur’an</em> has stated that <br /><br /><em>“Those who engaged in Riba and never give up his action then he will take note of war from Allah (swt) and His messenger" </em><br /><br /><em>Riba</em>, which has been existed in the Prophet <em>Muhammad</em> (<em>saw)</em>lifetime and it practice until modern day.<br /><br /><strong>Case of <em>Riba:</em></strong> <br /><br /> If RM.100 000 were lent at a compound rate of 10% per annum for two years, the borrower would be called upon to repay RM 121 000 at the end of the contract. The lender can achieve the same goal by offering RM.100 000 at the simple rate of 21%. What would be the grounds for distinguishing between the two arrangements? Likewise, the term "exorbitant rate of interest" is also arbitrary. A 10% rate of interest may be exorbitant for one person while 21% may be normal for another depending on their respective financial positions and prospective uses of funds. <br /><br /><strong><em>Riba</em> in <em>Hadith:</em></strong><br /><br /> There are several <em>hadith</em>s suggest the divine prohibition of <em>riba</em>. The Prophet (saw) had explained the various injunctions against riba to his companion. There are two hadith relevant to the concern of riba, which has been the most influential in shaping the fiqh conception of <em>riba</em>:<br /><br /><em>“Every loan that attracts a benefit is riba”. Gold for gold.., if it is hand to hand”.</em> <br /><br /><strong>The <em>Hadith</em> on <em>riba</em> in sale:</strong> <br /><br /> The actual concept of this <em>riba</em> is going beyond compensation for lending money. This is no interest in loan but it is a sale of excess or delay in exchange of certain type of property such as foodstuffs and currency. Therefore, we need to consider riba in sale to has a full meaning of its. And this type of exchange was fully mentioned in the <em>hadith</em> that we can be used in this practice as long as the exchange with equal amount. There is no excess or increase value in delay. Due to the first form of riba, the Prophet advises conducting such exchange through the medium of money that mean one selling his good for cash and then buying other’s good with cash. Such this transaction is applicable in Islam. <br /><br /><em><strong>The Sunnah on Riba in loan:</strong></em> <br /><br /> The second hadith is related to common practice in the modern economic life. Profit on loan is banned without regard to whether the fungible subject matters of the loan. In the <em>Hadith</em> of Prophet Muhammad (saw) said:<br /><br /><em>“ …a man would sleep and honesty would be taken from his heart and only it trace will remain in his heart…”</em> Bukhari.<br /><br /> This is a sign for those who conduct any transaction of Riba in the last Day of Judgment. <em>Riba</em> has blinded Muslim, <em>Riba</em> has destroyed value, and corrupted mankind and non-can be trusted. <br /><br /><strong><em>Riba</em> in <em>Qiyas</em> and <em>Ijma</em>:</strong><br /><br /> In the book of Imran Hussein, he had taken one example about <em>Riba</em> has practiced or has been fulfilled in miserable lifetime. He mentions, “One man from othaman Khalifa had borrowed money on interest from Europe. This amount of interest is over his effort, at the end, this man submits to European financial black mail…” He has mentioned about the financial imperialism. This is common practice in the Muslim world nowadays. This action is not mentioned in the Qur’an. In the world to day Riba can be many other forms, which are readily identifiable by businessmen. Some of businessmen will glue new form of Riba. Muslim must make them aware of the different form of Riba, and must exercise the greatest care to avoid them. Some forms of buying and selling money today take the form of borrowing from a bank on interest. It is a form of Riba and is strictly prohibited. The Prophet had taught that when the two things are bought and exchanged not the same in nature or equal money value is invalid such as gold for silver. Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-38864447205563807462013-04-09T06:50:00.001-07:002013-04-09T06:50:23.097-07:00Re-takaful? a need to face the socio-economic catastropheThe challenges posed by both neo-modern and postmodern society and their secular cultures are very far reaching. The impact can be felt in every facet of life be it religious, political, social and economical. Following the rapid and strangulating development of the economy of the super other western powers, the insurance sector inclusive, most developing economies especially in the Muslim world feel a pressing need to re adjust their economies in order to meet up with the rapid development and high rate economic growth taking place in these developing economies.<br /><br /> The Muslim world among others is in need of access to large and open markets among the different Muslim countries in order to have a high rate economic growth too. A survey of recent Muslim scholarship on western theories and epistemologies reveals an attempt to understand western legacy on modern society so as to liberate Muslim societies from secular and foreign control. This is to ensure that political, economic and other preoccupations of Muslims do not become mere distractions of the world from their care and development for the hereafter. Islam is concerned both with material and spiritual advancement. <br /><br /> The Islamic worldview can therefore never be compared to any other worldview. It is against this background that current Muslim scholarship in the field of finance and economics in general should be viewed. It is an attempt at the total Islamization of the banking and financial sector so as to free the Muslim world from the dominant Western civilizational and ideological value-laden economic, financial and banking principles. Presently, most of the Muslim world like third world countries has under-developed economies suffering enormously under the claws and yokes of western economic and financial interest-based system. One of such key areas of modern financing where the Muslim world need a kind of economic co-operation in order to confront the challenges posed by western interest based financial system is Re-takaful Business. <br /><br /> It is sad that in spite of the abundance of human and natural resources in the Muslim world, the Takaful and Re-takaful Business and the entire Muslim world economic sector can still not compete with conglomerate companies like the American Insurance Group and the likes. Though the insurance business in principle was accepted by Islam right from the time of the Prophet when he instituted what can be regarded as ma’qil al-ijtima’ or social insurance between the Muhajirun (Muslims who migrated from Mecca) and the Ansar (Muslims who welcomed the emigrants in Medina), yet the insurance business has undergone a lot of developments and innovations since the time of the Prophet. <br /><br /> In view of the Islamic acceptance of insurance in principle as well as the necessity of the insurance scheme in our complex society, there is need to examine for a continuous research into the modern concept of insurance in its entirety so as to bring it in harmony with the rulings and requirements of the Shari’ah. The need to abide by Islamic teachings, guided by Muslim historical heritage and current global insurance and reinsurance indexes cannot be over emphasized. This work therefore is an attempt to examine an aspect of the insurance system in Islam known as the re-takaful business.<br /><br /><strong>What is Re-takaful?</strong><br /><br /> The term Retakaful refers to the Islamic form of reinsurance. The Retakaful business is based on the principles of Takaful in Islam. As stated before Takaful implies a group of people coming together to be jointly responsible for someone or something. ReTakaful therefore means a joint guarantee or pact among clients or cedants who are all the operators of this important work of Takaful based on mutual agreement to jointly indemnify themselves from part of the losses and risks that may happen to any of them. It also may also accrue from the policies they underwrite.<br /><br /> It is therefore an attempt by a group of people who are Takaful operators to pool resources together so as to share among themselves any loss or damage that befalls any of them. The Retakaful business is based on the same human attempt to make provision or protection against any future loss. Just as individuals are motivated to insure themselves with a direct insurer, so also is the insurer also desirous of reinsuring himself against any future loss or damage with a reinsurer. It is this need for reinsurance that brings about Retakaful. <br /><br /> As stated above, the Retakaful business is based on the principles of Takaful in Islam. It can be traced to the early days of Islam when the Prophet himself instituted what can be regarded as ma’qil al-ijtima’ or social insurance between the Muhajirun (Muslims who migrated from Mecca) and the Ansar (Muslims who welcomed the emigrants in Medina). By that act, he laid the foundation of Takaful. This ma’qil al-ijtima’ or the system of ‘aqil is similar to what obtained among the Arabs in the Jahil or pre-Islamic period during which a group of Arabs undertook to alleviate the burden of any member of the group that was liable to pay any form of compensation.<br /><br /> Though the insurance as well as the reinsurance business has undergone a lot of developments and innovations since the time of the Holy <em>Prophet (saw),</em> it can still be brought into harmony with the rulings and requirements of the <em>Shari’ah</em> as explained by Muslim jurists. Unless this harmony is effected, the insurance as well as the reinsurance business will be found wanting in respect of many of its operations in modern society.<br /><br /><strong>Need for Re-takaful?</strong><br /><br /> Just as the Prophet recognized the need for ma’qil al-ijtima’ or the system of ‘aqil to protect Muslims against any future loss or damage, so also is there the need to protect the operators of this important work of Takaful from part of the losses and risks that may accrue from the policies they underwrite. This will help to spread the losses and risks involved in the Takaful business as well as lighten the financial impact of such risks and losses on Takaful operators and the financial industry at large. <br /><br /> It is clear that no one is immune from losses and damages against property, business venture and even life itself including Takaful operators themselves, hence the need to offer double securities against them. RETAKAFUL is therefore part of the general precautions than can be taken against damages, risks and losses. Islam is not opposed to taking such precautions as long as it does not contradict with any Islamic contractual law. Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-78865331393651135032013-04-09T06:48:00.002-07:002013-04-09T06:48:15.124-07:00Online Financial Services with Holistic Humanitarian ConcernThe emergence of Internet had changed our life, either directly or indirectly. This is also true with the corporate and business world nowadays. Companies and organizations no longer regard the Internet only as a tool or reminder to the public to show who they are or what are they doing. Today, Internet has become a very important tool to do business. Among the earliest and important examples of how Internet has changed the ways companies fully utilized the benefits of Internet are Amazon.com, e-Buy and others. <br /><br /> Banking and financial institutions have also realized the true potentials and benefits of the internet. Right now, their websites are no longer just another advertisement to show that they are still alive and kicking, but also offer various type of products and services to the customers. The services are no longer just to show what is the amount of money in the accounts of their customers, but also offers various products and services such as online banking, bill payment, mortgage, loans, insurance and so on. These terms are what we are now calling ‘online financial services’. <br /><br />Basically, commercial banks performed two functions: money transfer services (including all current account operations) and money lending. In general, the former does not involve any interest. On the other side of the balance sheet, we have two types of deposits: current account (demand) deposits and savings deposits. Here too, the former generally does not involve any interest. Therefore current account operations and money transfer operations are free of riba on both sides of the balance sheet. As such all commercial banks are interest-free banks with respect to these operations. <br /><br /> The problem, then, arises only in respect of savings deposits on the one side and loans on the other, because both incur interest. Thus, the questions of lending and accepting savings deposits, without dealing in interest (<em>riba</em>) arise.<br /><br /><strong>Interest-Free Commercial Banking</strong><br /><br /> A real Muslim does wish to avoid dealing in interest in order to comply with their religious belief, and limits itself to finding a simple, logical and easily executable methodology of achieving this objective. It does not concern itself with providing a justification or philosophy for the prohibition nor with the subtle differences and related discussions regarding the correct definition of <em>riba</em>. It simply accepts the commonly understood meaning of it that, any money demanded or received by the lender in addition to his original capital is<em> riba</em> and proceeds from there. The resulting system, therefore, is practicable irrespective of why one wishes to avoid dealing in interest. For there are also people who are convinced for various reasons that demanding or receiving interest is bad. <br /><br /> The approach adopted is to “first take a closer look at modern banking practices and find out whether and where the prohibited riba (interest) occurred and then to see whether it could be eliminated from the existing practices and then to check if the resulting system was still viable.”<br /><br />On the deposit side, what the depositor receives in addition to his capital is the interest. This is riba (pure interest) by definition. If a Muslim refuses this interest because it is prohibited by his religion, then this side of the balance sheet is free of <em>riba</em>. On the other side of the balance sheet, we have the “interest” collected by the bank from the borrower. Ideally, the bank uses the funds it receives from depositors to grant loans to clients. But the “interest” it charges the borrowers is more than the interest it pays the depositors. This is because the former should also cover, besides the interest paid to the depositor, the costs the bank incurs in collecting and disbursing the funds as well as in accounting, administration, safekeeping, etc.<br /><br /> A model is constructed where the “interest” charged by the bank is split into several components. Then each of these components is studied to see if it contained the prohibited riba. The idea is that if any one component contained such riba then to see if it could be removed. If some components are free of riba, and others containing riba can be removed, then we have an “interest” which is free of riba. If this can be achieved and if the resulting system is viable, then we have a riba-free system that is also viable. And, since it was originally derived from the conventional model it should also be compatible with it.<br /><br /> This “interest” collected by the bank from the borrower is a cost to the borrower, of obtaining this amount of financing. Therefore, it is named the Cost of Borrowing (CoB) and is considered as consisting of six components: interest (paid to the depositor), services cost, overheads cost, risk premium, profit, and compensation for the value erosion of capital due to inflation. It is shown that only the first component falls under the definition of riba and all others are free of it.<br /><br /> Muslims are prohibited by to deal in interest (riba) in any way. Giving and receiving as well as witnessing are all prohibited. Thus an Islamic banking system cannot pay any interest to its depositors; neither can it demand or receive any interest from the borrowers nor could the banks witness or keep accounts of these transactions. But the lender is entitled to the return of his capital in full. This is a Qur’anic injunction. The proposed system complies with these fundamental Islamic requirements.<br /><br /> A basic tenet of commercial banking is capital guarantee. The capital entrusted to the bank by a depositor must be returned to him in full. The proposed system fully complies with this requirement. Islamic banking as practised today does not provide capital guarantee in all its deposit accounts. In many countries, this is one of the two main objections to permitting the establishment of Islamic banks. There is no objection to paying zero interest on deposits.<br /><br /> Thus, by paying zero interest and guaranteeing capital, the proposed system satisfies both the riba-prohibition rule of Islam and the capital guarantee requirement of conventional banking acts. This enables it to obtain permission to set up and operate as a deposit bank in all countries of the world, while obeying the riba-prohibition rule and qualifying to be an “Islamic” bank. This is of paramount importance to Muslim minorities living in non-Muslim countries. Furthermore, the existence of interest-free banks in all countries will also remove the many difficulties faced today by Islamic banks in transacting international business. Like any other human being, Muslims also need and desire a secure dwelling for themselves and their families. For example, in the past, owning a home was an unthinkable proposition for practicing Muslims, because Islam prohibits usury. The Qur'an (2:276) says: " Allah has permitted trade and forbidden usury," and in 2:278 reminds the Muslims: "O ye who believe, keep your duty to Allah and relinquish what remains (due) from interest, if you are believers."<br /><br /> The Prophet (p.b.u.h) forbade usury. One of the better-known Hadith, narrated by Ibn Mas'ud, quotes the Messenger of Allah (p.b.u.h), saying, "Allah has cursed the receiver, the giver of the interest and also the witness and the scribe of the interest- bearing transaction; they are alike." (Muslim, Tirmidhi). <br /><br /> The concept of interest-free housing finance is still unknown in the West, thus the term "mortgage" is used here in the sense of collateral and as having the title of the property in the names of those who provide the funds. The cooperative housing programs help those Muslims who need financial help to purchase a home, while helping to generate income for the investors from the rent and shares in the appreciation of the property's value. <br /><br /><strong>Practicality:</strong><br /><br /> Islamic investment equity funds market is one of the fastest growing sectors within the Islamic financial system. Currently there are approximately 100 Islamic equity funds worldwide. The total assets managed through these funds currently exceed US$5 billion and is growing by 12-15% per annum. With the continuous interest in the Islamic financial system, there are positive signs that more funds will be launched. Some western majors have just joined the fray or are thinking of launching similar Islamic equity products. <br /><br /> Despite these successes, this market has seen a record of poor marketing as emphasis is on products and not on addressing the needs of investors. Over the last few years, quite a number of funds have closed down. Most of the funds tend to target high net worth individuals and corporate institutions, minimum investments ranging from US$50,000 to as high as US$1,000,000.<br /><br /> Target markets for Islamic funds vary, some cater for their local markets e.g. Malaysia and Gulf based investment funds. Others clearly target the Middle East and Gulf regions, neglecting local markets and have been accused of failing to serve Muslim communities.<br /><br /> Since the launch of Islamic equity funds in the early 90's, we have seen the establishment of credible equity benchmarks by Dow Jones Islamic market index and the FTSE Global Islamic Index Series. The website failaka.com monitors the performance of Islamic equity funds and provide a comprehensive list of the Islamic funds worldwide.<br /><br /><strong>Al-Taslif Credit Card (AmBank Group, formerly known as Arab Malaysian Banking Group):</strong><br /><br /><em><strong> Based on Shari’ah Principle:</strong></em><br /><br /> The AmBank Al-Taslif Credit Card has been formulated based on the <em>Shari'ah</em> principle of <em>Bai' Al Inah (Buy back sale)</em>, which govern installment payments over a fixed period. One can use the Al-Taslif Credit Card with the assurance that it has been tailored with one's spending needs in mind, and without compromising Islamic values. <br /><br /><em><strong>Low Banking Cost of 15% p.a.:</strong></em><br /><br /> Customer will only be charged a low banking cost of 1.25% per month or 15% per annum on our outstanding balance. What's more, if we decide to settle only the minimum amount each month, customers will not be subjected to additional banking cost. It's free of Interest! <br /><br /><em><strong>Annual Fee Waiver & Charity:</strong></em><br /><br /> With AmBonus, there is more than providing customers with savings on card annual fees! It also allows customers to do a bit for charity. For every RM100 spend on retail transactions, we will receive AmBonus worth RM1 which can be set off against the annual card fees. What's more, the excess will be donated on our behalf to charitable organizations. <br /><br /><em><strong>More Cash Rebates For Our Loyalty:</strong></em><br /><br /> With AmTransfer, one can use up to our available card limit to consolidate customers' outstanding balances from our other credit or charge cards at 15% p.a. until full settlements. <br /><br /><em><strong>AmProtector:</strong></em> <br /><br /> For only RM0.03 on every RM 100 outstanding balance, we and our family will enjoy peace of mind as our outstanding balances are covered up to maximum of RM50, 000 in the event of any mishap. <br /><br /><strong><em>Instance Acceptance and Cash Worldwide:</em></strong><br /><br /> The card is welcomed at more than 22 million establishments worldwide. However, in keeping with <em>Shari’ah</em> principle, card members are advised not to use the card in establishments that contradicts Islamic values e.g. casino, massage parlors, dating and escort services, bars etc. We'll also have instant access to more than 600,000 MasterCard/CIRRUS and VISA/PLUS ATMs or affiliated banks and financial institutions worldwide.<br /><br /><em><strong>Automatic Travel Accident Plan Charge:</strong></em><br /><br /> Travel tickets to our Gold card and we will enjoy automatic free travel accident insurance of up to RM500, 000. We will also enjoy additional coverage for travel inconveniences. <br /><br /><em><strong>AmDirect Phone Banking and Online Banking Service:</strong></em><br /><br /> One may easily access the card account anytime for a host of financial services and enquiries. We can simply enjoy your personal banking service by calling AmDirect Call Center at 03-2612 6888 or login to <a href="http://www.ambg.com.my/"><span style="color: #804000;">http://www.ambg.com.my</span></a>. <br /><br /><em><strong>No Joining Fees:</strong></em><br /><br /> No fee is required for securing a Card (membership) of AmBank.<br /><br /> <strong><em>Zakat payment:</em></strong><br /><br /> For the convenience, AmBank has made provision for Al-Taslif card members to make our zakat (tithe) payments directly through the card. This facility is currently available with Pusat Pungutan Zakat Wilayah Persekutuan. <br /><br /><em><strong>0% Interest Easy Payment Plan:</strong></em><br /><br /> With interest-free installment payment, we can select from a range of products and services from AmBank’s partnering establishment. <br /><br /><strong><em>MasterCard Global Service:</em></strong><br /><br /> Provides emergency 24-hour travel assistant service and worldwide emergency assistant for lost and stolen reporting, emergency card replacement, emergency cash advance, ATM network location information, and issuer directory assistance. <br /><br /><strong><em>MasterAssist Travel Assistant Service for Gold card members:</em></strong><br /><br /> Provides 24-hour travel assistance service and worldwide emergency assistance, pre-trip information, traveling assistance, legal referrals and bail bond assistance. <br /><br /><strong><em>VISA 24-hour Global Customer Assitance Service(GCAS):</em></strong><br /><br /> Provides medical referrals, monitoring, assistance and follow-up, transportation assistance, legal assistance, pre-trip assistance, interpreter assistance as well as lost/valuable document delivery. <br /><br /><em><strong>Flexible Payment Options:</strong></em><br /><br /> We have a worldwide choice of payment method on how we want to make our monthly card payment, either in full or the minimum repayment of 5% or RM50 whichever is higher. <br /><br /><em><strong>ATM Services:</strong></em> <br /><br /> AmBank’s Extensive AmBank Group ATM network and CIRRUS/PLUS ATM, which covers a wide range of automated services allows us access our card account 24 hours a day. <br /><br /><em><strong>Recommendations:</strong></em><br /><br /> Because the online financial service is still a new phenomenon worldwide, it does have benefits to everyone. But if we take the <em>Shari’ah</em> principles into consideration, some extra works must be done in order to make sure that it is accordance with Islamic principles as mentioned before. Just for a note, usually, <em>Shari’ah </em>based online financial system is still based on ‘off-line’ financial services provided by financial institutions, only now, instead of physical building, there will be a cyberspace! <br /><br /> First, financial institutions must provide a clear picture to the customers of how does the shari’ah based online financial services works. It is not only shown some figures but also explanation like which company that they are going to invest, what principles that they take, how does the profit is distributed and so on. If possible, they should also provide the list of the companies that they are invested and also the member of the <em>Shari’ah</em> panel board in their financial institutions. It will make customers feel secure because they know that their deposits is legally invested and supervised by Islamic scholars.<br /><br /> Then, for the customers, they should put aside the stigma in their mind that just because some financial institutions’ name is not sound like Islam, they do not follow accordingly with Islamic rules and regulations. For instance, there are an interview with Malay/Muslim customers on why don’t they invest in one financial institution, which they reply that that financial institution is not sound like Islam at all! This perception must be discarded from our mind to ensure that <em>Shari’ah</em> based financial system will be better accepted worldwide. Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-15967749138777769422013-04-09T06:45:00.002-07:002013-04-09T06:45:24.461-07:00Financial Reform with eco-Democratic Concern for All<em><span style="color: #93c47d;">Financial Democratic Reform & the New World Order............? </span><br /></em> Oxford Dictionary defines ‘Poverty’ as being poor, great lack of money or resources, scarcity or inferiority. Others define it as disadvantaged, low income, poor or less developed. These conventional definitions do not seem to differ or vary from that defined by Al- Ghazali who gave meaning to poverty as a state of not being able to satisfy one’s needs which are basic in nature.<br /> Poverty nowadays is no longer viewed only as economic issue but also is a complex social and political concern that is yet to be successfully solved universally. The concept of poverty is viewed in the context of society as a whole where it persisted in every community around the world but the extent or degree in which it affected human race varies from one society to another.<br /> Even though it is prevailing throughout the world, poverty has always been ignored and is closely associated with disbelieve (kufr). As said by Prophet Muhammad SAW: “Poverty might lead a person to disbelief”, further clarifies the intensity of this situation. Thus, the Holy Quran cannot emphasis more on the poor and needy as commanded by Allah in Surah An-Nisaa:8: <br />واذا حضر القسمة أولوا القربى واليتامى والمساكين فارزقوهم منه وقولوا لهم <br /> قولا معروفا <br /><br /><em>“But if at the time of the division, other relatives, or orphans, or poor are present, feed them out of the (property), And speak to them words of kindness and justice”.</em><br />A report states: "Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, encompassing inability to satisfy basic needs, lack of control over resources, lack of education and skills, poor health, malnutrition, lack of shelter, poor access to water and sanitation, vulnerability to shocks, violence and crime, lack of political freedom and voice. The numbers show little progress in reducing income poverty over the last decade--impressive gains were made in East Asia before the crisis hit, but have been partly reversed, and little if any progress took place elsewhere--and a large majority of poor people said they were worse off now, have fewer economic opportunities, and live with greater insecurity than in the past."<br /> <strong>Classification of Poor & Insufficiency of Income</strong> <br /><br /> Poverty in Islam is concerned with insufficiency of income and the inability in fulfilling basic human needs. One is considered poor if he does not possess sufficient necessities to fulfill his basic needs. Therefore, poverty can be interrelated to two basic classifications of poor, which are faqir who are the needy, and miskin who are the poor, as identified and understood in Islam. Faqir is defined as someone who can only satisfy less than half of his basic necessities while miskin is a poor man who can satisfy half or more of his basic necessities, but is still below the minimum requirement of basic necessities required. <br /> Prophet SAW said (about those defined as miskin): <br /><br /><em>“He who does not get enough to satisfy himself, and he is not considered so, so that charity may be given to him, and he does not beg anything from people”.</em><br /> There are no distinct techniques to measure poverty, as it is always associated with some level of income required to provide for the basic human needs. This human needs refer to the right of food, clothes and shelter as pronounced by the Prophet SAW that are to be identified and met in order to sustain a minimum standard of living. The poverty line or income level, which serves as an indicator to identify whether a person is poor, is useful where a person is considered poor if his income is below poverty line income.<br /> <strong>Factors Causing Poverty</strong><br /><em>The Nature of Man</em> <br /> Man is the essential element in any society thus; any problem related to the society must have something to do with individual because it is his actions on the ethical aspects that affect others as a whole. One of the many reasons poverty persists in any one community is because of the widespread existence of income inequality and unjust wealth distribution. It is due to man’s narrow-mindedness and selfishness as well as ignorance for a collective life has made man a slave to things, which are material in essence. In fact, poverty is caused by man’s deviation from divine teachings in which he practices unlawful things and the man-made problems such as injustice, laziness, selfishness, dictatorship, fraud, cheating, monopoly practices, speculative hoarding and oppression that with each passing day, making the poor getting poorer and the rich getting richer.<br />ان الله يأمر بالعدل والإحسان وايتاىء ذى القربى وينهى عن الفحشاء والمنكر والبغى يعظكم لعلكم تذكرون<br /><br /><em>“Allah (swt) commands justice, the doing of good, and liberation to kith and kin, and He forbids all shameful deeds, and injustice and rebellion: He instructs you, that ye may receive admonition”.</em> (16:90).<br /><br /> Mismanagement and misallocation of funds happening today as a result of so much power in the hands of the elite, who maintain the status quo at national levels is the rationale for the existence of an income gap between the poor and the non-poor. There are also corruptions and bribery, or the misuse of public power and resource for private benefit and profit by officials such as politicians and policy makers in which they enrich themselves through the misuse of power entrusted to them. Negative attitude, easy access to money as well as deficiency in democratic government initiates corruption and provides an ideal condition for corruption to prevail. Accumulation of wealth by the rich people will therefore hurt the common people as they are left out and the public interest is further disturbed. <br /><br /> Islam promotes just distribution and ethics in everything we do. Those practicing corruption should be penalized for their inefficiency and those who are efficient should be reward for their creditability.<br /><br /><em>Function of the Government & the Market Failure</em><br /><br /> The government is established as a protector for the public interest. It means that government will only see to it if there exist to be a market failure in the economic activity. However, there seem to be an interruption in the economic balance when the government is no longer protecting the public and is applying free trade thus causing massive competition to develop. Government especially in the third world countries tends to borrow from international donor organization such as the IMF, which in turn requires the debtor country to export their production instead of for local circulation. This will have a severe impact when the prices go up, food subsidies are eliminated, basic services cost such as electricity increased and health and educational funds vanish.<br /><br /> In addition to the said government’s failure, inadequate access to employment, lack of physical assets such as land and capital to be owned by the poor, lack of means of supporting rural development in poor region, inadequate access to markets where the poor can make trade, low endowment of human capital and the destruction of natural resources leading to environmental deprivation as well as reduced productivity are merely some of the causes of poverty in light of the function of the government. <br /><br /> Consequently, poor governance and market failure are two aspects, which should be properly addressed to attain justice in the economic activities, which will help in poverty eradication.<br /><br /><strong>Poverty Eradication Strategies in Islam</strong> <br /><br /> Being a mankind, we are to approach poverty like any other problems faced by our society, in accordance with the Islamic teachings and way of life. It is the concern for the poor, which leads us to address their needs through many approaches, instruments and government policies. <br /><br /><strong>Element of Poverty Alleviation</strong><br /><br /> It is identified earlier that poverty is a result of diverse factors and therefore has different dimensions in which it would be implemented. These elements are the individual and society’s role in eradicating poverty as well as the government’s role. <br /><br /><strong>Role of Individual & Society</strong><br /><br /> As the creature of <em>Allah (swt)</em> on this Earth, we are to live a moderate lifestyle in such a way that we fulfill our material and spiritual needs simultaneously. Islam recognizes differences in individual human potentials because each is endowed with different types and levels of abilities. <br /><br /> Therefore, man is to earn his living according to his capacity and ability as that enshrined by <em>Allah (swt)</em> in the Holy <em>Qur'an </em>(al- Jumu’a: 10). <br /><br /> It is therefore, the public duty of individuals and society to focus on integrating the Islamic principles, moral and ethical aspect in our daily life, as well as the response from the society about poverty, regardless of involvement of the Government. In other words, the strategy to combat poverty is through harmonious equilibrium in development and Islamic ethical values. There should also be fundamental changes at both the management and policy level, and change in individual character to be more inspired, efficient and selfless individuals in any society. The Prophet also mentioned the importance of earning an honest living in his many hadith. One of them is reported by Al- Miqdam, who quoted the Prophet (saw) as saying:<br /><br /><em> “Nobody has ever eaten a better meal than that which one has earned by working with one’s own hands”.</em><br /><br /><strong> Role of State in Economic Reform to Realize its Grand Impact: An Islamic Direction.</strong><br /><br /> Creed and Islamic Economics The basic creed that promotes Islamic economic behaviour evolves from the Islamic concept of God, Allah, with attributes ascribed to Him – Al-Malik (the absolute Owner of All), Al-Rahim (who gives blessings and prosperity, particularly to whom use these gifts as he has permitted), Al-Muhaymin (watches over and protects all things), Al-Wahhab (donates all things to His creatures, even to non-believers), Al-Fattah (opens the solutions to all problems and eliminates obstacles), Al-Razzaq (the Provider of all things that are beneficial to His creatures) and so on. <br /><br /> The Divine attributes do not only have metaphysical significance; a firm belief in them acts as a powerful source of inspiration and guidance in economic pursuits and planning. <br /><br /> These attributes have been described through the Quranic verses and Hadith to construct a mind and guides individual behaviour in a direction, which truly reflects firm belief in Allah’s Unity, Tawhid. Without this firm belief the Islamic economic system and the whole life, falls prey to inconsistency and discord. How do beliefs in this attribute influence economic attitude? <br /><br /> A firm belief in the divine attribute of the Provider eliminates insatiable lust for amassing wealth through unlawful means and cools down impatience. It dissuades from unhealthy competition and egotism. It relieves tension and anxiety and unhealthy reaction in the event of poor for one’s effort. A firm belief in the divine assurance:<br /><br /> <em>‘Whosoever fears Allah, Allah will appoint a way out for him and will provide for him from (a quarter) whence he has no expectation’</em> (65:2, 3).<br /><br /> It is not only discourages one from becoming avaricious and resorting to unlawful earning but also plays an important role in guiding policy-makers and planner to cast off the capricious fears of loss due to abolition of unlawful institutions and undesirable policies and programmed. <br /><br /> A firm belief in his attribute, Al-Razzaq, as expressed in the verse: <br /><br /><em>‘Slay not your children, fearing a fall to poverty, We shall provide for them and for you. Lo! The slaying of them is a great sin’</em> (17:31), <br /><br /> It would inspire the policy-makers to be restrained, barring exceptional cases, in launching on economic grounds a country-wide campaign for birth-control, which often provides a refuge for the morally corrupt. Similarly, belief in the Divine Wisdom of unequal distribution of wealth (4:32) shuns class antagonism and persuades the well-to-do to share their fortune to the poor, thus reducing the distance between the haves and haves-nots. <br /><br /> To conclude, firm belief in divine attributes not only has a far-reaching influence on the general attitude of the individual, it also touches economic enterprises, policy-making and planning. Without such firm belief practicing the Islamic injunctions poses formidable difficulties and leads one to impracticable compromises, which result in dualism and hypocrisy.<br /><br /><strong>The Role of the Government towards Poverty Alleviation</strong><br /><br /> Poverty, Employment and Growth The economic resources of this world belong to Allah who gave them to mankind to benefit from them. So, the duty of man is to properly utilize them for the welfare of society. This world entails:<br /><br /> (i) the full and efficient employment of all human and natural resources, <br /> (ii) the alleviation of poverty and fulfillment of basic needs, and <br /> (iii) the optimum rate of economic growth.<br /><br /> The objective of the alleviation of poverty, the full employment of resources and optimum rate of growth can only be achieved by the active participation of government. The Islamic government should not leave the allocation of resources only to the blind market forces because; being an impersonal entity, the market may not take care of the total welfare, especially of the poor, of the society. <br /><br /> The Government should play a positive role in the economy through pragmatic planning and by providing necessary physical and social infrastructure. The government must invest in this sector since private entrepreneurs may not find enough incentive to invest because of the heavy investment requirement and small monetary return realized over a long period time. In this case, government investment should be channeled into the improvement of highways, dams, bridges, the construction of irrigation networks, airports, telecommunication services and the provision of other facilities, which would bring about external economies to the different sectors of the economy.<br /><br /> So, An Islamic government has a great responsibility to eradicate poverty, fulfill basic needs and improve the living standard of the people. If it fails to do so, the Prophet’s (s.a.w) warning should remind them:<br /><br /> <em>“Whom Allah has made administrator over the affairs of Muslims but remain indifferent to their needs and poverty, Allah will also be indifferent to his needs and poverty.”</em> <br /><br />Establishment of Equitable Distribution of Income and Wealth The establishment of an equitable distribution system calls for certain governmental functions, such as:<br /><br /> (i) the provision of training and rendering assistance for gainful employment to the public. A variety of technical training programs may be launched to assist the unskilled labour force of the less developed countries. (ii) the government should enforce a just remuneration system so as to fairly distribute the generated income among the factors of production.<br /> (iii) the arrangement of a social security system based on zakat and other charitable revenues. <br /><br /> They would serve as insurance to the unemployed, handicapped, divorcees and other needy members of society. As basic necessities are provided, the national wealth circulates among the members of the community. This is why Islam makes it obligatory for the government to guarantee the provision of basic needs to all. If the existing fund is not sufficient, government has the right to pull resources from the rich in addition to the obligatory dues to guarantee basic needs to each and every one in the society. Ibn Hazm calls for the extra levies on the rich to fulfill the basic needs of the destitute of a society. <br /><br /> He says: <em>“The rich of every locality are obliged to manage the basic needs of the destitute living in it. If the wealth, stored in Baitul-Mal, is not adequate to meets the wants of the indigents, the head of the state may compel the rich to contribute by imposing extra levies on them.”</em> <br /><br />The Government should play a great role through monetary and fiscal policies in reducing the disparity between the haves and have-nots. These policies should be geared towards the benefit of the poor. It is also one of the responsibilities of an Islamic government to differentiate between the deserving and undeserving of the national help.<br /><br /> In this case, the government should invest in the social overhead capital such as education, healthy and other infrastructural development so that the poor may benefit more than the rich. <br /><br /> Islam strongly encourages the rich to spend for people in the lower income group over and above compulsory payments so that wealth trickle-down among the various classes of society. In this context, the principle is that the more one has, the more responsible towards providing the poor one is. Allah says:<br /><br /> .ويسألونك ماذا ينفقون قل العفو... <br /><br /><em>“And they ask you how much they are to spend; say: what is beyond your needs.” </em><br /><br />There are compulsory measures of distribution which also heavily contribute to the reduction of inequality among the people. The institutions of Zakat, tithe, sadaqatul fitr, inheritance, bequest etc. come under this category. In these cases, one has to dispose one’s wealth to one’s fellow-beings whereby have-nots become better off. Mutual gifts, endowments and other optional charities, on which Islam places a heavy emphasis, also reduce the disparity between the haves and the have-nots of society.<br /><br /><strong>Taxation in an Islamic Economy</strong> <br /><br /> The classical Islamic scholars also gave justifications for taxation as a major of sources of government revenue in an Islamic state. This has been supported by Imam Malik: <br /><br /><em>“If there were no funds in the treasury or the need of the army increased above the capacity of the treasury, the state has the right to levy taxes on the rich up to the level that satisfies the need immediately and until the revenues of the treasury appear.”</em><br /><br /> Islamic government should make sure that the imposition of taxes does not the kill work incentives of the tax payers. It must carry out some research to find out which particular rates and types of taxation are the most suitable to maximize government revenue in the economy. <br /><br /> There should not be any injustice involved with taxation policy in an Islamic state. Although Islamic state has the right to impose taxes on the poor it should try to minimize their tax burden in general. The bulk of tax revenue should come from the rich of the society because, they are economically more capable to contribute towards revenue collection than the poor. <br /><br /> This is why suggestion has been made that the Islamic state should minimize indirect taxes, which are normally borne by the poor and concentrate on the direct taxes, which are usually collected from the rich.<br /><br /><strong>Islamic Financial Institutions</strong><br /><br /><em>Manadatory Tax (Zakat)</em><br /><br /><strong>Zakat</strong> can be the source of sizeable financial resources for an Islamic state. It is collected from a full one-year possession of wealth, which reaches to the Nisab. The coverage of the zakat is very wide encompassing cattle, horses, sheep, gold, silver, merchandise, cash and securities. It should be kept in mind that zakat revenues couldn’t serve all the fiscal needs of an Islamic state since the avenues of this revenue have explicitly been mentioned in the<em> Qur'an.</em> <br /><br /> The expenditure of zakat proceeds must strictly be directed to the defined heads otherwise, the socio-economic objectives of the institution of Zakat may not be realized in a given society. The Zakat proceeds should be collected centrally by the Islamic government. It should establish a zakat department and employ efficient mechanisms, which will draw and disburse zakat revenue under the close supervision of the government. The overall efficiency of zakat collecting machinery must be maintained so that high operational costs and other administrative weaknesses may not jeopardize the objectives of the institution of Zakat as an instrument to alleviate poverty, redistribute income and act as a stabilizing device of an Islamic economy. <br /><br /><em>Tax on Land (Kharaj)</em> <br /><br /> Agricultural land tax, <em>Kharaj,</em> is a rental fee on the land that becomes of the property of an Islamic government as a result of its liberation by Muslim troops. It is the consensus of the Muslim jurists that such lands be kept as public property and be taxed so that the future Muslim generations may benefit from these lands. Umar, the second caliph, did not distribute the large tract of Syrian, Egyptian and Iraqi fertile lands among the troops. Instead, he kept them with the public treasury as a state property. He left the land with their original owners and levied taxes on them. <br /><br /> The Islamic government would fix a rate for land tax depending on the qualities of the land such as the level of fertility, irrigation requirements and so on. The tax rates should be fixed on the basis of equity so that no injustice is done to farmers in case of over charging as well as to the state in case of under charging.<br /><br /> <em>Jizyah</em> <br /><br /> Islamic government may obtain a good amount of monetary resources from Jiziyyah. It is the Poll-tax on all non-Muslim male adults living in an Islamic state. <br /><br /> Since Islamic government provides security to their lives and properties ensures all other social rights, they obliged to pay a Poll-tax to the Islamic government. The <em>Qur’an</em> states:<br /><br /> ...حتى يعطوا الجزية عن يد وهم صغرون <br /><br /><em>“Until they pay the Jiziyyah with willing submission and feeling themselves subdued.”</em> <br /><br />There is no fixed rate for the Poll-tax in Islam but it should not be below the rate of zakat on Muslims. In fact, the rate of jiziyyah would very much depend on the size of the share of national income enjoyed by the non-Muslims. This is to enable Islamic government to adequately finance the public expenditure of the country. <br /><br /><em>Charitable Trusts or Endowments (Al-Awqaf)</em><br /><br /> Charitable trusts transfer wealth from private ownership to beneficial, social, collective ownership. Islam does not make this practice obligatory but has strongly encouraged it and left it to voluntary initiatives of individuals. In spite of this, the Muslims accepted it wholeheartedly even in periods of economic decline and created charitable trusts, since the period of the Prophet (s.a.w) for important social and economic functions. <br /><br /> These trusts have successfully brought a changes and well improvement in the welfare of the needy. <br /><br /><em>Gifts (Al-Maniha)</em><br /><br /> Al-Maniha or Al-Minha are special kinds of gifts. The Prophet (s.a.w) in his various traditions used this method to provide some assistance to the early Muslim migrants from Mecca to Madinah who were in real need of some help. <em>Al-Maniha</em> means the granting of the usufruct of a productive asset to a needy person for a specific period. These gifts can be in term of money (cash), riding animals, dairy animals, agricultural land, fruits and other productive assets such as cars, ships etc. <br /><br /><em>Al-Fay’</em><br /><br /><em> Al-Fay’</em> is the wealth that Muslims acquire from the enemy without actual fighting. The recipients of fay’ are the Prophet (s.a.w), his family, the orphans, the needy and the wayfarer. This is also suggestive of the simple fact that the common man’s welfare does not depend on increase in items of ownership but also on increase in the benefits accruing to him without directly owning many of them. Besides, there are properties whose utility can be retained and protected only under government administration and ownership. <br /><br /><em>Treasure (Rikaz)</em> <br /><br /><em>Rikaz</em> is buried wealth found in land, which has no owner. The finder will have to pay 20% or one-fifth of the wealth. The opinions of the jurists on the recipients of this one-fifth of the wealth are divided. Some are the opinion that it should be distributed to the recipients of the fay’. Some others opine that it should be distributed as zakah. Whichever way it is distributed, it is still an important source of the needy.<br /><br /><strong> Poverty Alleviation Strategy: a case study.</strong><br /><br /> Amanah Raya Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) is a Non-Government Organization (NGO) has been established in order to create; out of the hard-core poor households, highly motivated individuals who would be committed to earn an honest living and eventually move out of the poverty trap. Instead of providing those grants or subsidies, they were given interest free loans to undertake income-generating projects of their choice. The loan was to be repaid on a weekly basis. They were entitled to another bigger loan whenever they have cleared the first loan.<br /><br /> This process goes on as long as they need the loan. The first loan is normally restricted to $500, the second $1000, continued with $1500, and $2000. If they have proven to be very successful, they could apply for much bigger loans of $5000 or even $15000.<br /><br /> It is also to noted that from the start these loans were given without any security, guarantor, or court action. If the beneficiaries pass away, the loans were be written off. Apart from the high rate of payback, the impact of this small loan scheme has been very commendable. About 55% of the beneficiaries would be out of poverty after taking three loans. This percentage would increase after the fourth and successive loans. Overall, not less than 80% of the beneficiaries will eventually out of the poverty. <br /><br /> This success of AIM has been widely publicized. AIM is actually not only Islamic in terms of the employing the developmental approach, but it is also Islamic in terms of loans extended which are completely free from riba. Although AIM insists on good pay back record all the time, but when the time comes to extend benevolence all debts due are written off. The group that has been extended the loans is those who belong to the destitute category, rather than poor, which is also Islamic.<br /><br /> History has it that about 99-100 years after the establishment of the Islamic State in Madinah, during the reign of Sayyidina Umar ibn Abdul Aziz, it was very difficult for the State to find someone who wanted to receive the Zakah allocated to the destitute and the poor. <br /><br /><strong>Final Remarks</strong><br /><br /> The socio-economic system of Islam has, from the very outset, addressed the problem of poverty, in a comprehensive and pragmatic way. Islam rightly distinguishes between the destitute and the poor to set the right approach and priority to alleviate them. Islam also establishes the obligatory sources of funds and assistance to the needy.<br /><br /> It is indeed unique to Islam to include zakah payment as the pillar of Islam and make the first two of the eight beneficiaries of zakah, the destitute and the poor, in that order. This clearly shows the commitment Islam has to combat poverty. Islam also establishes many other institutions, which are voluntary, for the needy.<br /><br /> This is indeed remarkable in the sense that is not only the obligation of the State to provide the minimum level of living for each citizen, but Islam makes it the business of every citizen to participate in this battle. This is a very significant approach because by so doing we are making the whole society aware of the need to give a helping hand. It also provides the checks and balances between the government and society. <br /><br /> A very significant contribution by the Islamic economic system is its approach to the alleviation of poverty. Whilst it provides transfers from the rich to the poor, it is only to those poor who cannot work, that are eligible to receive such transfers. These transfers, which come mainly from the public treasury, are enough for the whole year. Annual allocations are being made for these needy until their demise. <br /><br /> Secondly, the able-bodied are not encouraged depending their livelihood on the society and State. They are taught to earn an honest and honorable living, which is known as developmental approach that has long-term effects.<br /><br /> Thirdly, Islam through the zakah collection and disbursements, have always identified the needy and ensure that they receive their dues directly. In other words, Islam zeros in the individual or household instead of tackling them on group or regional basis. <br /><br /> This approach, coupled with the well-defined two distinct groups of destitute and poor, made it possible to narrow the scope and concentrate on alleviating the destitute first. Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-2942588313506890442013-04-09T06:42:00.001-07:002013-04-09T06:42:12.215-07:00Islamic Financial Planning to Create a Self-reliant Nation<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #6aa84f;"><strong>Islamic Financial Planning is an emerged-model in today's global socio-economic reality to facilitate in creating an economically matured and self-reliant nation.</strong></span> </span><br />
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<br /><span lang="EN-US">It has a relationship with the idea of Islamic Financial Marketing, viewed by Ibnu Abu Yusuf & Ibnu Taimiyyah and Ibnu Khaldun. They defined it as the creation, developing and delivery of unique customer satisfying competitive products and services at a profit to organization and customer in the lights of Islamic values and principles. In contrast, conventionally it is defined as the process whereby an individual's personal and financial goals are achieved through the development and implementation of a comprehensive financial plan. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Islam is a comprehensive, integrated and holistic system that, governs all aspects of life, major and minor, personal and social, spiritual and materialistic while relates this worldly life to the Hereafter. Thus, the compliance of total spirit of Islam is essential in every socio-economic and business activities in view of achiving the result accordingly. Muslim are encouraged in planning for their life and put efforts to achieve the goal setting then ask help from <em>Allah (swt).</em> The final stage is tawakal for what the result and takes it as the destiny bestowed by <em>Allah (swt).</em> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The holy Prophet Muhammad (saw) used to supplicate <em>Allah (swt): </em></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><em>‘My Lord, help me and do not give help against me, grant me a victory, and do not grant victory over me, plan on my behalf and do not plan against me, guide me and made my right guidance easy for me, grant me victory over those who act wrongfully towards me….’</em><em>(Narrated by Abu Daud.).</em></span></div>
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<br /><span lang="EN-US">In Islam, financial planning is not just merely a process of acquisition and accumulating wealth but it has a broad definition which relates to the concept of vicegerent (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kalifah</i>). </span></div>
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<br /><span lang="EN-US">According to the Holy <em>Qur’an,</em> God created man as his vicegerent (or ambassador) on earth. <em>Allah (swt)</em> says in <em>Al-Qur'an</em>: </span></div>
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<br /><span lang="EN-US"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Behold, thy Lord said to the angels: "I will create a vicegerent on earth." They said:” Wilt Thou place therein one who will make mischief therein and shed blood? - Whilst we do celebrate Thy praises and glorify Thy holy (name)?" He said: "I know what ye know not." (Surah Al-Baqarah:30). </i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">From the above verse, and others like it, we understand that as the <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">khalifah<i> </i></span>or vicegerent of God on earth, man is gifted with certain powers, which other creatures of God do not possess. For example, he possesses (within limits of course) intellectual faculties. We also read that God created all things on earth for man. </span></div>
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<br /><span lang="EN-US"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘He it is who created for you all that is on earth. Then He rose over (Istawa) towards the heaven and made them seven heavens and He is the All-Knower of everything.’(Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 29).</i> </span></div>
<br /><span lang="EN-US">The duty of man as <em>Allah</em>’s <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><em>khalifah</em> </span>is to make use of all the blessings of <em>Allah (swt)</em> on earth to his own benefit. For this, man is given freedom, that is, freedom of choice and action (also within limits). It is because of man’s special faculties and his freedom that he becomes the best of <em>Allah</em>’s creatures. Financial Planning is basically a discipline of wealth management that applies to the unique needs and concerns of respective individual. </span><br />
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<br /><span lang="EN-US">As a Muslim even though a person does not possesses any form of wealth, he still has to commit with financial planning process because either he would leaves debt or children to the trusted one. In the following discussion, we would like to focus on the comprehensive aspects of financial planning whereby an individual should has a balanced approached in order to achieved the dynamic goal. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Financial Planning quantifies and manages individual’s success in four financial pillars; wealth protection, wealth accumulation, wealth preservation and wealth distribution. Each of these different components is meant to play a different role in addressing unique issues and the objective must in line with the Islamic <em>Shari'ah</em> principle. </span></div>
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<br /><span lang="EN-US">In Islam, every one is confined with the concept of <em>Allah</em>’s bounty or sustenance. This concept means that Allah is the sole giver of “bounty” to every living creature on this world. Allah blesses His bounty on those who earn and spend it in compliance with His covenants. He does not bestow His blessing or mercy on those who earn it illegitimately and spend it irresponsibly. Allah affirms:</span></div>
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<br /><span lang="EN-US"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘For Allah is He Who Gives (all) sustenance……’(Al-Dhariyat 51:58) </i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The concept of <em>Allah</em>’s bounty is considered very important in Islam as a good Muslim is required to have a proper balanced between the fulfillment of his spiritual and worldly obligations. The Prophet (saw) advised;</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘A Muslim should prepare himself for the next world as if he is going to die tomorrow, but at the same time work hard to improve all his worldly comforts as if he is going to live forever.(Narrated by Al-Dailami).</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Islam covers the extremes of <em>zuhd</em> (abstinence) and <em>bulk</em> (avarice). A Muslim should not forego wealth. Neither should he be avaricious in the pursuit of wealth. <em>Zuhd</em> is not amounting to rejection of pleasure but rather leading a pious life by his ability to life moderate and within his mean. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">This is why Islam encourages reasonableness and moderation. As a Muslim we are not discourage from acquiring wealth but we must know how to earn and spend it in accordance with the Islamic principles. Wealth should not be abused or misused as <em>Allah</em> SWT has laid down very clear injunctions on how wealth is to be acquired and spent.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Indeed, wealth is a form of trial by <em>Allah</em> SWT towards His servants whether they follow His injunctions regarding wealth acquisition and disposal and as such the owners are to be fully accountable on the Day of Judgment for what they do with their wealth. In Islamic financial planning, an individual must understand the discipline of how to protect, to accumulate, to preserve and to distribute the wealth according to the Islamic <em>Shari'ah.</em></span></div>
Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-83737007746166572492013-04-09T06:39:00.003-07:002013-04-09T06:39:20.764-07:00PTPTN (Malaysian edu-Fund) with a Just Socio-economic Treatment<strong><span style="color: #6aa84f;">PTPTN is a "Holistic Fund" because of:</span></strong><br />
<br />
1. It facilitates the national human capital development scheme through acquiring knowledge (<em>‘Ilmu</em>) and its development for the noble causes of the nation. <br />
<br />
2. It helps the parents to be enabled to educate their children in achieving their true legitimate goals for own-self, family, community, society, nation and the <em>Ummah</em>. <br />
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3. It facilitates the government to create a nation with skill & due professionalism.<br />
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4. It helps the nation to be proud of its children with knowledge, skill, maturity & right professionalism.<br />
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5. To sum up that, PTPTN is a fund that supports in seeking knowledge (‘Ilmu) and building up the children with true skill and dynamism towards greater benefits of the country and the <em>Ummah</em> in general.<br />
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Thus, it (<strong>PTPTN</strong>) shall not be subject to an unnecessary political debate, rather it shall be respected by all in discovering possible result oriented avenues towards furtherance dynamism of the scheme (PTPTN) and advantages for the students leading to national benefits.<br />
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;">However, <strong>PTPTN </strong>may view its furtherance bright future by <em>Shari'ah</em> based structuring its Fund by affiliating with SUKUK, SECURITIZATION by QIRADH, TAKAFUL & ZAKAT.</span><br />
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Among the common safe-guards through such structure are:<br />
<br />
1. Students may be rescued from future Debt-liability.<br />
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2. Protection of the Fund from being Deficit with gradual effect. <br />
<br />
3. The Government with gradual effect may be able to reduce its liability from injecting additional figures in to the fund.<br />
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4. This may eventually with a strict time-frame result a zero-contribution needed from the government.<br />
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5. A situation may one day arrive when students need not to be tied up with the loan, but only liability-free financial aids or scholarship with a simple condition that, students shall serve the nation full heartedly as a national & ummatic obligation. Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-17538419643097592952013-04-09T06:34:00.003-07:002013-04-09T06:34:25.412-07:00Wealth Management with Socio-economic Justice for All<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Wealth plays an important role in human life. It is the subject matter of trade and other business transactions such as sales. Wealth can be in many forms. It can be in the form of money to some people and to other it can be in the form of property like houses, cars and lands. In order for men to obtain this wealth he has to work hard because it does not come like that, even though some times it can be inherited.</span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">In Islam wealth is known as “mal”. In Islam something can be recognized as mal or wealth only when it satisfies the following conditions that are only when you possessed, secured it or stored it. For example, the birds in the sky, the minerals underground and the fish in the river are not recognized as wealth in the Islamic perspective. Only when you have possessed, secured and stored these things can they be recognized as wealth. It is different from the conventional point if view which wealth is recognized even if it has not been possessed secured and stored.</span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US">In conventional perspective wealth is totally owned by man. Man can use the wealth in any way he feels like using it. They utilize their wealth only for this world purposes without concerning about the Hereafter. This way of thinking is totally contrast with what Islam thought. It is stated in the Holy Quran that wealth in all its forms is a thing created by Almighty Allah as a trust for man. Thus, man only have right to uses the wealth only according to the shariah. Allah s.w.t said in the Holy <em>Qur'an</em>:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US">“<em>Give to them from the property of Allah which he has bestowed upon you” </em></span><span lang="EN-US">(24:33)</span></span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">At this point we can bring in the management. Wealth management is an important aspect in Islam. Since we are not the absolute owners of the wealth in this world, we have the duty or responsibility to manage it in the best way we can. Absolute ownership is to the Almighty Allah. We have only been entrusted upon this wealth. As I said above, our responsibility is to manage it accordance to shariah. By managing wealth according to the shariah, we also can seek our reward in hereafter, for example paying zakat. </span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Management of wealth is quite complicated because you have to look at someone intentions, how the wealth is earned, how it’s grown, how it’s spent and the right of the poor and needy. As we know, in Islam money is not an end in itself, it is a means to higher values. These means that if it is earned, invested and spend in the right way, it brings rewards or ‘barakah’ to not only the individual but also his family and the ummah as a whole. </span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;">With that thinking in mind, we now can safely say that in Islam, any human undertaking of which wealth management is one is guided by certain beliefs. These beliefs are described as philosophic foundations in an Islamic society. According to Kurshid Ahmad</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7101557101807536516#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">,</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #a64d79;"> they include the following:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Tawhid – belief in the oneness of Allah</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Rubbubiyah – divine guidelines for striving towards all is good </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Khalifah – the role of man as the vicegerent of God </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Tazkiyah – achieving purity and growth</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Accountability – the belief that man will be answerable for his actions in this world on the Judgments Day.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">From the above beliefs, an economics agent in Islam learns that the existence in this world is not from without, and thus, he has to conduct himself and administer his wealth in line with divine arrangement. Being God’s vicegerent on earth is an opportunity to function normally – and direct his activities for the betterment of his life and of those around him.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Wealth management in Islam can be looked from different perspectives. These include the zakat management, inheritance, wills and testaments, estate planning, managing cash and saving, managing of tax and state duty, and different business transactions. In this paper we will discuss some of the above scope of Islamic wealth management.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">CENTRAL IDEA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;">This project is centered upon gaining an understanding of how wealth is managed from an Islamic frame, work together with the worldview of Islam. While the former looks at the human behavior actions undertaken in dealing with the problem choose, the latter looks at the different stages of human existence in Islamic in addition to the concept of God, religion and prophet hood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">The consideration of the worldview in Islamic in our discussion helped outline a clear distinction between managing wealth from Islamic perspective and a conventional perspective. Take a capabilities notion for instance, ownership of resources is absolute, and can be utilized in any manner deemed right in one’s own good and best interest in this world. This is not so in Islamic perspective where ownership is regarded as a trust from God, and thus, can be used with the intention of obtaining the pleasure of God. Knowing that the concept of ownership is limited in Islam, human behavior thus directed at seeking prosperity in this world and in the Hereafter. This entails the maximum utilization of natural resources and human capabilities leading to higher productivity, which in turn brings about success, happiness and growth to the individual and the society at large.</span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">The project paper is designed to discuss shariah rulings and the framework that governs wealth management in Islam. Among other issues, these rulings touch on the utilization and administration in different circumstances pertaining to the question of ‘how to utilize the wealth?’ and ‘who is capable of administrating the wealth?’ These shariah rulings act as a benchmark against which efforts at managing wealth are measured, and thus, ascertain that those involved in managing wealth do so in line with the Quran and Sunnah.</span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">In order to have a clear picture of the topic, we have included practical assertion applicable in different situations of wealth management in Islam. Following thus is a plan to provide room for further improvement through research on the practicalities of managing wealth, and recommendations. We hope that this paper is beneficial to all of us and that it is an avenue towards a better tomorrow where wealth management is concerned.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">SHARI'AH RULINGS</span></b></span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US">Shari'ah rulings provide a basic upon which guidelines and instructions of a course of action or undertaking are formulated and implemented. Despite cleat rulings on the use and management of wealth, the Quran is not devoid of hypotheses in general about wealth and its consequences, how man views wealth, and words of wisdoms for man with regards to wealth. The following are some of the example:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><em>“Fair in the eyes of men is the love of things they covet: woman and sons; heaped – up hoards of gold and silver; horses branded (for blood and excellence); and (wealth of) cattle and well – tilled land. Such are the possessions of this world’s life; bit in nearness to Allah is the best of the goals (to return to)”</em><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<st1:time hour="15" minute="14" w:st="on">3:14</st1:time>)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><em>“And violent is he in his love of wealth”</em> (100:8)</span></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">The above verses indicate man’s desire for wealth in different forms – gold and silver, horses, cattle and lands, which vary, includes all kinds of machines in our contemporary world.</span></div>
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1152" style="height: 54pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 297pt; margin-top: 11.45pt; mso-wrap-edited: f; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 125pt; z-index: 8;" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="-129 -300 -129 21600 21600 21600 21600 -300 -129 -300"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.gif"><w:wrap type="through"></w:wrap></v:imagedata></span></v:shape><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><em>“If I had knowledge of the unseen, I should have multiplied all goods, and no evil should have touch me”</em> (7:188)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><em>“Nor does anyone know what it is that he will earn on the morrow.”</em><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(31:34)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">These two verses indicate among other things, the uncertainty in the future pertaining to out present doings. ‘No man knows what the morrow may bring forth’. This is another distinction between the conventional and Islamic point of view in the sense that the former answer ‘perfect foresight’ in some theories.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">“<em>If Allah were to enlarge the provisions for His Servants, they would transgress beyond all bounds through the earth. But He sends (it) down in due measures as the please. For He is with His servants well – acquainted, watchful”</em><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(42:27)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><em><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></em><span lang="EN-US"><em>“Nay, but man does transgress all bounds, in the looks upon himself as self – sufficient”</em> (96: 6 – 7)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">In the above verse God indicates the consequences of increased wealth on man. This verses as a warning to those with bestowed with wealth looking beyond the riches of the world.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While God has subjected all that is in the earth for the use of man as His vicegerent on earth, He has bestowed His favors more freely on some, than on others. In these are tests from God. In the Quran man is advised to seek his sustenance and remember God so that he attains success in this world and in the Hereafter. Allah s.w.t says:</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><em>“And when the prayer is finished, then may ye disperse through the land, and seek the bounty of Allah: and celebrate the Praise of God often (and without stint): that ye may prosper.”</em><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(62:10)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">One of the ways by which wealth is managed in Islam is trade. This helps transfer of goods and services from one to another to satisfy different wants. In addition, it helps minimize, if not eliminate the possibility of excessive wealth remaining in the hands of selected few. In the regards, the Quran says:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><em>“In order that it may not (merely) make a circuit between wealthy among you”</em> (59:7)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">Moderation in expenditures is commended in Islam, and excesses, waste and extravagances denounced. The Quran equates such doings to the works of the devil, as in the following:</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><em>“Verily spendthrifts are brothers of the Evil Ones and the Evil Ones to his Lord (Himself) ungrateful”</em><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<st1:time hour="17" minute="27" w:st="on">17:27</st1:time>)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">“… <em>eat and drinks: but waste not by excess, for Allah loves not the wasters”</em> (<st1:time hour="19" minute="31" w:st="on">7:31</st1:time>)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aside prohibiting extravagance and spendthrift ness, Islam too has no place for meanness and stinginess. If recommends striking a balance, and to this effect, the Quran says:</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><em>“Make not thy hand tied (like a niggard’s) to they neck, nor stretch it forth to its utmost reach, so that thou become blameworthy and distillate”</em><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<st1:time hour="17" minute="29" w:st="on">17:29</st1:time>)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;"><o:p> </o:p></span><v:shape id="_x0000_s1166" style="height: 54pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 297pt; margin-top: 36.65pt; mso-wrap-edited: f; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 2in; z-index: 22;" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="-119 -300 -119 21600 21600 21600 21600 -300 -119 -300"><em><span style="color: #a64d79;"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.gif"><w:wrap type="through"></w:wrap></v:imagedata></span></em></v:shape><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><em>“Those who, when they spend, are not extravagant and not niggardly, but hold a just (balance) between those (extreme)”</em><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(25:67)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><em>“For Allah loves not arrogant, the vainglorious; - (nor) those who are niggardly, or enjoin niggardliness on others, or hide the bounties which Allah has bestowed on them….”</em><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(4: 36 – 37)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Another example by which wealth is managed in Islam is through zakat and sadaqat, commonly referred to as almsgiving. The donor may give the latter directly to the recipient or through the state government collectively. The former is usually administered through the treasury, knows as Baitul Mal. Here is what the Quran says in this regard:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><em>“So give what is due to kindred, the needy, and the wayfarer. That is the best for those who seek the countenance of Allah, and it is they who will prosper”</em><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(30:38)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><em>“And in their wealth and possessions (was remembered) the right of the (needy), him who asked, and him who (some reasons) was prevented (from asking)”</em><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(51:19)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">In order to wind up the discussions in shariah rulings – though we primarily looked at the Quran injunctions here, we will consider both the Quran and the Sunnah as we talk about practical scenarios of individual cases of wealth management – let us look at the following verse of Quran:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><em>“But seek, with the (wealth) which Allah has bestowed on thee, the home of the Hereafter, nor forget thy portion in this world: but do thou good, as Allah has been good to thee, and seek not (occasions for) mischief in the land: fro Allah loves not those who mischief”<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></em>(28:77)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">In the above verse are many implications concerning wealth and its management in Islam. These can be outlined as in the following sense:</span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Wealth is entrusted upon man by Allah</span></li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">The management of this wealth should be directed at seeking the pleasure of God in other world (Hereafter).</span></li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Being a trust from God, wealth need be used and exploited in accordance to God’s commandments. </span></li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Being the owner of wealth, God has the right command on man to use wealth for the good of other as He has done well on him, and prohibit man using wealth in a manner that is likely to cause harm on earth.</span></li>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">From these implications of the verse, we see a distinction between the Islamic point of view and the socialist and capitalist point of view. While capitalism propagates ‘an absolute and unconditional right to private property and socialism totally denies the right to private property’, Islam poses a balance by allowing the right to private property but from that angle of it being a trust.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">PRACTICAL SCENARIOS AND APPLICATIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;">ZAKAT PLANNING<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Another important issue that can be brought about in the management of wealth in Islam is the paying of Zakat. Every Muslim who has the ability to pay the Zakat is obliged to do so. It is one of the five pillars of Islam. So now, you can see the great importance of paying the Zakat. Mostly in Islam Zakat is paid by the wealthy Muslims. Allah made the paying of Zakat compulsory for a reason. This was in order to help the poor and the needy Muslims or the Muslims who are completely unable to support themselves. I say paying the Zakat is a form of wealth management because the wealthy Muslims will be able to deliver some of there wealth to other needy Muslims. Therefore, in doing so the wealthier will not become more and more wealthy, but moderate. This is why God (Allah) made some people in this world rich and some poor. Wealth can be a very dangerous element because once a human being becomes possessed with this wealth. He will forget about his religion and God altogether. In order to get rid of this, Allah made compulsory for every Muslim to pay the Zakat.</span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">However if you look at the conventional or the capitalist advocates, you will discover that most people have became inclined to their wealth that they do not have or follow any religion. In short they have become pagans. They also do not believe in the hereafter. This is so, because there is no form of wealth management such as paying the Zakat to the needy people around the world. This is why, the capitalist always concentrate on material satisfaction and not spiritual. They only seek material satisfaction and think of maximizing there wealth through all the means available, weather the right or wrong way. They also have this misconception of saying that their scarce resources and unlimited needs in the world. It is like saying that God did not know what he was doing. Because God created this world and made sure that people would be satisfied with whatever there is available.” The imposition of Zakat is to purify oneself as well as one’s own property.”“Islam believes if a wealthy person is accustomed to paying Zakat, his infatuation for wealth will be softened and it will be a source of advantage to him and the society in the end.”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><em>“Alms are for the poor and the needy and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to the truth); for those in bandage and indebt; in the cause of Allah; and for the wayfarer: (thus is it) ordained by Allah and Allah in full of knowledge and wisdom”.</em><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(9: 60)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is reported to have said, “Zakat is not permissible for someone who is not in need except in five cases; someone fighting in the way of Allah, someone who collects Zakat, someone who has suffered (financial) loss (at the hands of debtors), someone who buys it with his own money, and someone who has a poor neighbor who receives some Zakat and gives some as a present to the one who is not in need.”</span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Zakat is obligatory on all Muslims capable of paying it. Capability is referred to as nisab, a taxable minimum. It is used for specific purpose and paid to specific groups of people or individuals. The Quran lists eight (8) recipients as in the above verse. The role that Zakat plays in the distribution of wealth and income is, without doubt, very important. It reduces the gap between the haves and the have-nots, and induces saving and consumption behaviors in addition to the fact that it helps mobilize income for redistribution.</span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Islam discourages funds to remain idle, simply because there is no interest, as compared to the conventional system which makes up for earned income with no effort involved. If we look at the saving decision, we notice that idle savings in Islam are penalized because a Muslim is expected to pay Zakat. At the end of the day he remains worse off because for every RM100 that he saves, he loses RM2.50 (2.5% Zakat ratio). Hence, his rational option would be to incorporate investment expectations into his savings decisions. Assuming he sees no light in the direction of investment expectations, he might cut savings and increase consumption in the process, which does not go along with the poor investment expectations. Thus, inclusion of these expectations in the savings decision paves way for a balanced system. Zakat allows a minimum living standard for all residents in an Islamic society, unlike in the capitalist system where the savings of the haves double and multiply through interest, and the have-nots have no social insurance because there is no Zakat.</span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">In a capitalist system an individual might give out part of his wealth if and only when he denies to do so with out clear guidelines as to what, how, and how much he should give, because there is a possession kind of ownership. In an Islamic framework, Zakat illustrates a utilization kind of ownership and not that of a possession kind. The former kind of ownership accrues when wealth is utilized for its purpose and benefits derived from that wealth, else, the right of ownership is withdrawn, more especially in the case of land ownership.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">Islam on the other hand, has clear guidelines as to what should be given out as Zakat, who should give out Zakat and how much he should give out (see Zakat at a glance). Zakat is obligatory on every eligible Muslim male or female, and is given for the pleasure of god and to earn his grace. On the things liable for Zakat, the prophet (PBUH) is reported to have said,</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><em>“There is no Zakat on less than five Awsaq </em><em> of dates, there is no Zakat on less than five awsaq’ of silver and there is no Zakat on less than five camels.”</em></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">And in another Hadith, the prophet (PBUH) is reported to have said,</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><em>“On’ land that is watered by rain or springs or any natural means there is (Zakat to pay of) a tenth. On irrigated land, there is (Zakat of) a twentieth (to pay).”</em></span></span></div>
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<v:rect id="_x0000_s1183" style="position: absolute;"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><v:textbox></v:textbox></span></v:rect><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;">ZAKAT IN CASE TWO PERIODS ARE ASSESSED TOGETHER<o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"></span><br /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Assuming one capable of paying Zakat does not pay in one period until the next period when the calculation of Zakat will involve two periods, it is a procedure that the assessment of Zakat is based on what the person is currently capable of paying regardless of his previous condition of wealth. If, for example, after the assessment of Zakat on his wealth he is unable to pay in the event his wealth is reduced below nisab (the minimum requirement), he is not liable to pay Zakat for the period that has passed.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">As reported by Yahya, Malik said, “The position with us concerning a man who has Zakat to pay on one hundred camels but then the Zakat collector does not come to him until Zakat is due for a second time and by that time all his camels have died except five, is that the Zakat collector assesses the two amounts of Zakat that are due from the owner of the animals from the five camels, which in this case is only two sheep, one for each year. This is because the only Zakat which an owner of livestock has to pay is what is due from him on the day that the Zakat is (actually) assessed. His livestock may have died or it may have increased, and the Zakat collector only assesses the Zakat on what he (actually) finds in his possession, and if his livestock has died, or several payments of Zakat are due from him and nothing is taken until all his livestock has died, or has been reduced to an amount below that on which he has to pay Zakat, then he does not have to pay any zakat, and there is no liability (on him) for what has died or for the years that have passed.”</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">ZAKAT ON SEEDS AND OLIVES</span></b><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">This presents a scenario of the application of Zakat as to what are the Zakatable items, how much is Zakatable and when it is Zakatable. This clearly illustrates the management of wealth in Islam not prevalent in the conventional approach. Malik said,” The tenth that is taken from olives is taken after they have been pressed and the olives must come to a minimum amount of five awsaq and there must be at least five awsaq of olives. If there are less than five awsaq of olives, no Zakat has to be paid. Olive trees are like date palms in so far as there is a tenth on whatever is watered by rain or springs or any natural means, and a twentieth on whatever is irrigated. However, olives are not estimated while on the tree. The sunna with us as far as grains and seeds which people store and eat is concerned is that a tenth is taken from whatever has been watered by rain or springs or any natural means, and a twentieth from whatever has been irrigated, that is, as long as the amount comes from five awsaq or more using the aforementioned Sa’, that is the Sa’ of the prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. Zakat must be paid on anything above five awsaq according to the amount involved.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">Business transactions in an Islamic framework come in various ways and cater to different parties or groups of people in various circumstances and situations. This might involve a Mudarabah agreement, where one party, say a bank, provides capital and another entrepreneurship; a Mudarabah transaction, which briefly can be described as a partnership between investors and borrowers in a profit-sharing agreement involving re-sales; Al-ijarah contract, which is literally, a contract of letting; and Qirad, which is wealth entrusted upon an agent by an investor for commercial use. All of these transactions indicate how wealth in its various forms is used or managed from an Islamic point of view. Here is a look at the application of some of the above.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">MUDARABAH AND MUSHARAKAH MODE OF FINANCING<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Banking institutions have a unique way of managing wealth. Banks manage wealth through their various modes of financing such as Mudarabah, Musharakah, and Murabaha e.t.c.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Let as for example the Mudarabah mode of financing. As we know Mudarabah involves two or more parties coming together and agreeing upon, one party contributing labor and the party contributing the wealth (capital) to carry out a business. So through this definition you will discover or find out that there is sharing of wealth, effort and responsibility. If one party or person has the effort but not the means, he can go to the bank and obtain Al-qard-hasanah and start a business, which at the end of the day will involve the sharing of profits.</span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Therefore, banks indirectly manage wealth by giving Al-qard-hasanah to the needy people who have the ability but not the means to carry out the business without funds.</span><br /><span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Unlike the conventional banks, were they give loans and charge interest (Riba) upon the borrower. This is not called managing wealth or helping the needy, but it is called exploiting the borrower. The borrower has to pay on top of the money that he/she has got a fixed amount of interest, in which Islam has forbid this. That’s why is Islam it is stated that absolute ownership of wealth is towards the almighty Allah and we are merely entrusted upon it. Therefore man cannot do whatever pleases him</span><br /><span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">As you can see the above manner in which wealth is distributed is a form of wealth of management. This is because the needy or the have-nots are assisted by providing them with the needed funds to start a business. Firstly, money or wealth is not left lying idle and secondly the wealthier people do not become more and more wealth. They share their wealth with the have-nots. The same goes with the other form or mode of financing which is Musharakah. Where two or more people come together to carry out a business and the profits are shared in equal proportions at the end of the day.</span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Let me provide with an example, so that you can get a clear picture of how Musharakah is a form of wealth management element.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">For example a person is interested in starting a business of selling books. That business needs a capital of RM 200,000. This person interested in that business has not that kind of money. He has RM 100,000 which not sufficient enough to start that business. So he goes and sees his fellow friend asks him if he is interested in that type of business. Let’s say the friend’s response to the request is positive. So he tells the friend that he has only RM 100,000 and needs another RM 100,000 to get started with the business. So the other friend would provide the other hundred to start the business. In this way they of formed what we call a partnership in conventional terms and Musharakah in Islam. But in Islam Musharakah can be made between Banks, institutions and other normal businessmen.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Unlike in the conventional were it can be done between institutions only and between businessmen and not a mixture of both. This is a mode of financing and a form of wealth management.</span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">AL-IJARAH FACILITY<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">Al-ijarah, also known as Al-kira’ refers to rent, lease or usage. In an Islamic financial system, Al-ijarah is a contract of selling of benefits or use or service for a fixed price or rent. Technically, Al-ijarah in fiqh is used “to express the sale (Bay’) of a known benefit in return for its known equivalent” (The Majelle Art.405). Being a contract like that of sale, Al-ijarah is concluded with offer and acceptance.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">CONCEPT <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">With the Ijarah facility, the main idea behind the contract is the transfer of usage or benefit and not ownership. For this contract to be legally operational, the following guiding principles are required:</span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">1) The usage/benefit must be clarified with regards to the period of lease and the types of usage.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">2) The lessee is capable of utilizing the benefit of the lease fully.</span><br /><span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CONDITIONS</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">Al-ijarah facility can only be valid if it meets the following conditions from an Islamic perspective.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">The owner of the asset or lesser</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">The user or holder of the asset or lessee</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">The asset/equipment</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Benefit/service</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">The rent/price</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Offer and acceptance</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Have all been stated clearly in the contract of Al-ijarah.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">EARTURES<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Al-ijarah financing extends from short to medium financing in equipment, motor vehicles, machines, computers, and consumer goods among other things.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">The usage of the asset should not contain any elements of Haram (forbidden).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">A consideration of the used industrial equipment markets, second hand value and capital allowance when extending Al-ijarah financing to the customer</span></span><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;">MODE OF OPERATION<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">The banks manner of financing Al-ijarah contract generally follows the following procedures:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Determination of the needs of the customer where the equipment and the lease period is concerned under the shariah principles.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Purchasing the required equipment by the Bank.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Leasing the equipment to the customer at an agreed price and period. The total lease rental of the Bank is a combination of the cost of the equipment and the margins of profit for the Banks.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">As mentioned earlier, the purpose of this kind of contract is the transfer of usage or benefit, but the bank retains the ownership of the asset. In the event the customer dishonors the agreement, the Bank can repossess the equipment immediately. For instance, if a horse is hired to be ridden by someone and it happens that someone else other than the person who hired the horse rides it, this can invalidate the contract. However, the lesser can also not rescind the contract anytime he wishes to. The Mejelle (Art. 441) says, “After a contract has been completed which is a lawful letting, if another person offers additional rent, however much it may be, the lesser cannot for this alone annul the letting.”</span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">AL-IJARAH OPERATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;">EXAMPLE<o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Assuming the Banks purchases equipment for RM 30,000 and leases it to a customer for a period of 5years at 8% rate of profit per annum; we can calculate the following:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">Total Lease Rentals (TLR) = CF + (CF * I * n), where</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>CF = Cost of Financing</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>I = Rate of Return per Annum</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>(Flat)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>n = Period of financing in years</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Hence, TLR = 30,000 + (30,000* 8% * 5)</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>= <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>RM 42,000<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">Monthly Lease Rental = RM 42,000/ (5 * 12)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= RM 42,000/ 60</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>RM 700<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Amount of Profit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= RM 42,000 – RM 30,000</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>RM 12,000<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;">TERMINATION <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Being a finance lease, Al-ijarah contract is non-cancelable. In the event this happens, say due to the involuntary of the asset, the lesser will have to be compensated.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">According to the Income Tax Act 1967 schedule 3 para 71 , there is no allowance for plant and machinery if held for less than 2years.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Early termination of the lease is classified into 2:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Within 24months from the commencement of the lease date.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">After 24 months from the start of the lease date.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">The Income Tax Act 1967 under para 71 provides indemnity for the lesser by the lessee against any balancing charge incurred by the lesser if the lease contract is terminated within 2 years.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(5)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">The rate of tax indemnity is at 33% per annum.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;">UNIT TRUST<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">Unit trust is investment instruments in which many investors who share similar investment objectives pool their resources together which are then invested by specified fund managers in specified or authorized securities. There is no profit sharing between the fund manager and the investors but a fee known as ujrah is incurred by the investor for the professional services under Al-wakalah contract. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">In the Islamic unit trust, there is usually a shariah panel (shariah supervisory board) which decides which share to fund by using the Activity or Structure Method. Aside al – Wakalah agreement, Islamic unit trust also involves on indirect Musharakah system (equal to unequal share partnership) between investor and companies trading stocks or bonds. Capital gains and dividends are for investor but every purchase or sale of units, the company (fund manager) receives a fee. Any losses incurred due to adverse market conditions do not affect the shareholders wealth.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">There is a sharii and tabii dimension to the Islamic unit trust. The former inculcates akhlaq (ethic) in the agreement following the concept of Tawhid. This helps weigh actions from the reasoning point of view as well as spiritual values. The latter is a brainchild of natural and common sense. For the fact that the management receive a fee, if it is incumbent on the conduct research and use fundamental and technical analysis in the stock selection; so that the element of gharar (uncertainty) and maisir (gambling), among others are eliminated. Fund managers are expected to follow price changes as caused by company performances so that losses are minimized and capital gains achieved.</span><br /><v:line from="5040,6855" id="_x0000_s1055" style="position: absolute;" to="7740,6855"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><v:stroke endarrow="block"></v:stroke></span></v:line><v:rect id="_x0000_s1056" style="position: absolute;"><span style="color: #a64d79;"> <v:textbox></v:textbox></span></v:rect><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Another way or means by which Islam manages wealth on a small scale is by inheritance. We say on a small scale because this is done at the family level. As you know inheritance is the acquiring of the wealth or property left by the deceased parent. This wealth is to be divided among immediate family members in an appropriate manner stated in the Quran and Sunnah. Allah s.w.t has already stated the shares that are to be given to the immediate family members. Allah knows if He hadn’t done so there would be lot problems that would have come up. Some people would have been treated unfairly by giving or offering them a little or none of the wealth they deserve to get.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">In the conventional there is no proper laid down manner in which the wealth is to be inherited. Although the deceased leaves behind a will to who suppose the wealth goes, but it still some weaknesses or injustice occurred.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The weakness is that it has no room for the distribution of income sometime. For example, if the rich only marry the rich and the poor also marry the poor, the wealth will just circulate among the rich and the poor will remain poorer. Therefore it has no room for the distribution of income or wealth. But if this looked into and across manages take place like the rich marry the poor then this would be a better way to distribute wealth among the people.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">The Holy Quran has given a line out on how the wealth should be managed in the verse 10 – 12 surah An – Nisa. Allah s.w.t says:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><em> </em></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><em>“Those who unjustly eat up the property of orphans, eat up a fire into their own bodies: They will soon be enduring a blazing fire.</em> (10) </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><em>God (thus) directs you as regard your children’s (inheritance): to the male, a portion equal to that of two females: if only daughters, two or more, their share is two-thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is a half. For parents, a sixth share of the inheritance to each, if deceased left children; if no children, and the parents are (only) heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased left brothers (or sister) the mother has sixth. (The distribution in all cases) after the payment of legacies and debts. You know not whether your parents or your children are nearest to you in benefit. These are settled portions ordained by God; and God is All – Knowing and All – Wise. </em>(11)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><em> </em></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US"><em>In what your wines leave, your share is half, if they left a child, you got fourth; after payment of legacies and debts. In what you leave, its share is a fourth, if you leave no child; but if you leave a child, they get an eighth; after payment of legacies and debts. If the man or woman whose inheritance is in question, has left neither ascendants nor descendants, but has left a brother or a sister, each one of the two gets sixth; but if more that two, they share in a third; after payment of legacies and debts; so that no loss is caused (to any one). Thus is it ordained by God; and God is All – Knowing, Most Forbearing.</em> (12)”</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;">RECOMMENDATIONS<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #a64d79;">If goes beyond the reasonable doubt that zakat clearly illustrates the manner of wealth managements in Islamic framework. What is required then is proper vehicle through which zakat funds can be channeled. This involves knowing not only by the nature of zakat, the criteria of zakat, but also the zakatable items in our modern day Muslim societies, minding the changing circumstances. Kahf (1989) suggest a reconsideration of the fiqh views where the actual implementation of zakat is concerned. He however places much emphasis on the social and economics justice together with its impact on development. Hence, we are tempted to suggest further research on the administration of zakat and what actually constitutes the elements of zakat in our contemporary Muslim societies, which may not have been suggested in the period of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Since Malaysian’s system of government is secular in nature, the zakat system has not been seriously taken into consideration. In short it has fallen on deft ears and got no response. As paying zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam, it is of great important that the government <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:place></st1:country-region> has to look into it. It is not only an individual responsibility but also a nationwide responsibility to see to it that zakat is paid by the able Muslim.</span><br /><span lang="EN-US"></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #a64d79;">Therefore, here is some recommendation that could put in place an effect zakat system in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:place></st1:country-region>:</span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">Is to educate the massage of people in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:place></st1:country-region> both publicly and privately about the important of paying zakat. In order for this effective, we should start from those people who are at the top. This can be done holding seminars and regular talks on zakat.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">They should also try to incorporate the zakat system into the countries fiscal policy. If the paying of government taxes by the people to the federal and state government is effectively working, why can’t the payment of zakat be imposed as a law by the government? Through this, we think that more people will be well informed of the zakat payment.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US">The government should also put in place a centralized zakat institution where people can get information and pay zakat. Try to avoid any differences among the states in terms of implementation of zakat. By this, we can prevent any misunderstanding and confusion between people.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #a64d79;"></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">CONCLUSION</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">Wealth management from an Islamic perspective follows proper guidance principle of shariah, which, to a large extent, take a different route from the conventional point of view. Throughout the paper, there was an intention to show that distinction. Any shortcomings on that purposes is owing to the technical know – how on the part of authors. However, the paper sought to convey that owning wealth in Islam does not make anybody the absolute owner of that wealth. Wealth is merely entrusted upon us by God and thus, it has to be used and arranged in accordance with God’s approval as stated in shariah rulings. Ownership can be acquired through many ways as in a sale contract or gift; making someone the successor of another as in inheritance, and the acquiring of a thing which free for the public use. In all of these circumstances, Islam has a way in managing wealth.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US">Man as the vicegerent on this world is expected to seek this wealth and use it in manner that will help him obtain the pleasure of God in this world and hereafter. With that, the paper provided some practical scenarios as to how wealth can be used in Islam for this purposes. It was therefore illustrated in zakat planning, al – Ijarah financing and Islamic unit trust. The main purpose is to show the approach to wealth management in Islam not prevalent in the conventional way. Then the paper looked at some recommendations as a vehicle for further improvement, particularly on zakat activities.</span></span></div>
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Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-53811245038897566602013-04-01T19:54:00.002-07:002013-04-01T19:54:54.371-07:00Interview by Global Islamic Finance Magazine<span class="userContent"><strong><span style="color: #38761d;">INTERVIEW</span></strong> of Prof. Dr. Mohd. Ma'sum Billah </span><br />
<span class="userContent">by: </span><br />
<span class="userContent"><strong><span style="color: #0b5394;">Global Islamic Finance Magazine</span></strong> </span><br />
<span class="userContent">(Leading Islamic Finance Intelligence Since 2007).</span><br />
<span class="userContent"></span><br />
<span class="userContent">The issue of <strong><span style="color: #38761d;">Franchising of Islamic Financial Products & Services</span></strong> with Global Approach.</span><br />
<span class="userContent"></span><br />
<span class="userContent">The detail of the interview can be browsed through the following link:</span><br />
<span class="userContent"> <a href="http://www.globalislamicfinancemagazine.com/?com=news_list&nid=2152" rel="nofollow nofollow" target="_blank"><span>http://</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break"></span><span>www.globalislamicfinancemagazin</span><wbr></wbr><span class="word_break"></span>e.com/?com=news_list&nid=2152</a></span>Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-78172390056708943442013-03-22T20:43:00.001-07:002013-03-22T20:48:51.908-07:00Social Security for all humanity? moden paradigm & the 'zakat' solution<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">It was not
until recently when the society felt an urgent need to provide its members who
are poor and needy with the necessary protection.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such a realization is natural, as any
legitimate state owes its citizens the fundamental responsibility of protecting
them, be it in the field of economy, politics, social, culture and others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Hence, the welfare states of today such as <st1:country-region w:st="on">Britain</st1:country-region>, the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United
States</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region>
and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Russia</st1:place></st1:country-region>,
to name a few, have striven hard to overcome the economic problems faced by
various families in their respective countries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These states have devised the modern system of social security in their
variant efforts to provide for those who face financial constraints, unable to
financially support themselves wholly or partly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among the objectives of this modern social
security systems invented by these States are:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
To reduce the poverty rates; and<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To improve the
quality of life of citizens <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The
institution of <i>Zakat</i>, however, is a Divine obligatory sort of taxation<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
acting as the most effective measure in upgrading the financial condition of
the destitute.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This institution strives to achieve
objectives, which are broader in nature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is because, not only does it aim at providing the society with
financial security, but it also, as a whole, inculcates moral, social and
spiritual values in each individual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
view of the institution of <i>Zakat</i> aiming at achieving broader objectives,
this research therefore, seeks to prove that the institution of <i>Zakat</i>
may not only form the basis of today’s modern social security system, but also
brings some other individual benefits to the society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The whole
research however, is divided into four sections plus a final remark.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first section presents the basic idea of
the present scenario of the modern social security system, while the second
highlights the fundamental understanding of the institution of <i>Zakat</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The third, on the other hand, focuses on the
evaluation of whether the institution of <i>Zakat</i> can provide a meaningful
social security, while the fourth section provides a constructive justification
of the fact that, the institution of <i>Zakat</i> is capable of providing a meaningful
basis for the modern social security system; and lastly a final remark, which
comes up with a summary of the research and also some possible suggestions on
the application of <i>Zakat</i> to ensure a better social security for the
contemporary society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">AN OVERVIEW OF </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">MODERN SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The term
‘social security’ signifies the variety of material support provided for the
poor and the needy in the society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most
of the countries of today (both Muslim and non-Muslim) are striving very hard towards
providing a social security for their respective citizens in accordance with
their needs and abilities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The modern
social security system covers retirement, pension, maternity allowances, child
benefits, sickness benefits, disability benefits, unemployment benefits, family
income supplements, housing benefits,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
education aids and so on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here, I wish
to highlight a few examples of modern social security systems, which are
applied in some selected countries so as to enable us to grasp the main idea of
the present scenario of the modern systems in providing social security for the
poor and the needy in various societies around the globe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">In <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>, there
are four basic categories of benefits or schemes provided for the social
security of its citizen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are
contributory, non-contributory,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
means-tested benefits and exemption from National Health Service charges.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal;"><em>Contributory-Based Scheme<o:p></o:p></em></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">In <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>, there
is a National Insurance scheme sustained upon the contributions from different
sources, namely:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 72pt 0pt 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Weekly
contributions from every employee who attains the minimum age of 16 years<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
for both male and female, or the maximum age of 65 years and 60 years for male
and female respectively.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 72pt 0pt 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii) </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><em>Complementary contributions from the
government</em>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The benefits
available in this National Insurance scheme are the benefits for retirement,
sickness and unemployment<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
and they are further divided into two categories:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Long-term
basis benefits<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">This type of benefit include, among others: </span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;">Retirement pensions - every employee
who attains the age of 65 years and 60 years for male and female
respectively is to be paid for 90% of his or her working life.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;">Widow’s allowance - a widow is entitled
to receive a lump sum benefit upon the death of her husband and is also
entitled to a weekly allowance, if she has a dependent or is over 45 years
old at the time of her husband’s death.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: no;">Invalidity pension - a benefit is
payable after 28 weeks on continuous sickness of the insured, should he or
she fails to work.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Short-term
basis benefits</i><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The
short-term basis benefits are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Unemployment
benefits - unemployed person is entitled for up to 52 weeks benefits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Should he or she still fail to obtain a
job, he/she may claim for an income support for an indefinite period.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Maternity
allowance - a weekly allowance is paid to a female for maternity purposes
for 18 weeks.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Statutory
sickness pay - every employee is entitled to receive a sickness allowance
for up to 28 weeks from the respective employers.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Sickness benefit - a weekly allowance is payable to the
off-work employer for sickness up to 28 weeks.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-no-proof: no;">Non-Contributory Based Benefits<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">There are
many citizens in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>
who are poor and needy and are entitled to obtain material benefits from the
government.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This second type of scheme
is non-contributory in nature, as the material and financial sources are not
derived from voluntary contributions from the employers and the employee, but
from the general tax revenue of the state.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The benefits
available for the society, which are non-contributory in nature, are as
follows:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Child
benefit - every child in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>
is entitled to a tax-free flat rate for male and female alike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If any child is disabled and in
education, the allowance is extended up to 19 years of age.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Single
parent benefit - a divorcee or an unmarried woman is entitled to a
tax-free allowance for her first child (in addition to the child’s own
benefit).<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Disabled
benefit - any person who is unable to work for 28 weeks and does not have
any contribution in the national insurance scheme is entitled to a
tax-free benefit.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Attendance
allowance - any mentally and physically disabled person who needs frequent
aid of attendance will be paid an allowance according to the cost for
attendance.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 40.85pt 426.1pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Mobility allowance - any person between the ages of 5 and
80 who is due to physical</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>disability
unable to work is entitled for a tax-free allowance.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 dir="LTR" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal;">Means-Tested Benefits</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The third
type of scheme available for the citizens of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region> is the means-tested
benefits, which is also financed by the general tax revenues.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Various benefits available under this
category are as follows:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Income
supplement - An income supplement allowance is available for a person who
attains the minimum age of 18 and is unemployed<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
or whose income is lesser than the amount of income fixed by the
Parliament.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Family
credit - It is a tax-free allowance received by the low-income working
families, who have at least one child at the age of below 18.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Housing
allowance - In Britain, almost 80% of the whole population are living in
houses and Bungalows, while the remaining 20% are living in flats, etc.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Among them, those who are low-income families, are entitled to housing
allowance.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The amount of allowance granted depends
on the savings, income and number of children in the family.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 40.85pt 426.1pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Social fund - It is established by the government of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>
with a fixed sum determined by the Parliament.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The function of this fund is to help the
low-income families to bear funeral costs, basic costs for necessary
equipment for a newborn baby, and costs for adaptation to the houses of
elderly or disabled people.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 dir="LTR" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal;">Exemption from National Health Service</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><em>
</em></span></h3>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Every pensioner
is exempted from the charges for drugs, and every child below 16 or recipients
of family credit or income supplement are exempted from the charges for drugs,
entitled for free dental treatment, a voucher for NHS spectacles and also enjoy
free school meals.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other non-income citizens are also eligible
for some of the above benefits.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">In the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">United States of America</st1:place></st1:country-region>,
the Social Security Act 1935 is the most comprehensive legislation<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,
which ensures the smooth running of the social security system up to date.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The central aim of this Act is to provide
basic and material security for the poor and needy in the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.S.A.</st1:place></st1:country-region></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">This Act
offers various types of benefits to the society and these benefits could
generally be divided into three categories:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Social
Insurance Program - It includes the provision of security for the old,
survivors, disabled and mediocre.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Public
Assistance Program - Which includes income supplement for the needy who
are old, blind, permanently disabled and also for dependent children.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 40.85pt 426.1pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Child health and welfare service - This program includes
material cases, cases of crippled, children and general child welfare
services.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The
responsibility to execute these programs under the Social Security Act of 1935
is rested in the Department of Health and Social Services<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,
with a complete financial cooperation by the National Government, States,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
the employers and the employees.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">In <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, the
Government places a lot of emphasis on sustaining social security under the
National Social Welfare Policy, which was adapted by the Government in 1990.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The role played by the Federal Government as
well as its States under this national policy, are basically in the form of
material assistance for the handicapped, the disabled, the destitute, the least
fortunate in the society,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
the old and so on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes, in
assisting them, this policy also covers funeral expenses, certain medical
services, and invalidity<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is also a social
insurance scheme in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:place></st1:country-region>,
whereby both the employers and the employees contribute<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
according to the income, which would enable the employees to gain financial
security after their retirement.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Besides,
countries like <st1:country-region w:st="on">Britain</st1:country-region>, the <st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:country-region>,
there are many other countries rendering various material and financial
assistance to help the unfortunate ones in their own respective countries, such
as <st1:country-region w:st="on">Taiwan</st1:country-region>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Hong Kong</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Singapore</st1:country-region></st1:place>
and so on.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A quick glance at the conventional modern
social security system practiced in this modern era will reveal that, emphasis
is put only on material and financial assistance and providing security for the
poor and the needy in the society.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><strong>Underlying
Objectives of </strong></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><strong>Modern
Social Security System</strong></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">In this
materialistic world, material and monetary gains have always been among the
aims of one’s life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, it is sad
to say that not everyone is able to achieve such gains in this rapid moving
world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Everywhere around the globe, we
still see the forgotten faces of the poor and the needy, struggling to maintain
their lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The question here is, who
can help the plighted destitute?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Hence, it
has always been one of the most common purposes for any legitimate society to
provide all the necessary material assistance for the unfortunate members of
the society, in order to ease their burden and to enable them enjoying their
lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The execution of the modern
social security system, hence, ensures the necessary material protection for
the destitute towards the following principal objectives:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To develop
a common feeling of humanity in the public in helping and providing the
unfortunate with financial and other material assistance;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To change
the attitude of the general public and the Government in helping the poor and
the needy in the society;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To come up with some possible material
solutions for the destitute;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To reduce the rate of poverty in the society
by helping them to be self-reliant;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">v)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To create a more conducive and meaningful
life for all citizens;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">vi)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To curb
social destruction, which often occurs because of financial crisis that usually
leads to the increase of poverty and crime rates in the society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" dir="LTR" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal;"><strong>Socio-cultural
Impact of </strong></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal;"><strong>Modern Social
Security System<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The modern
social security system basically, as we have seen, aims at sustaining the life
of the poor and unfortunate ones, so as to escape from hardships and to enable
them to live with happiness and dignity.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">There are
mainly two types of schemes available under this modern social security.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Contributory based-scheme, for which the public is obliged to
give a partial contribution to a </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">fund to help the poor and the needy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This scheme includes the following benefit:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"></span> </div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 40.85pt 426.1pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Retirement pension,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The rest of
the benefits are usually available in countries like the <st1:country-region w:st="on">U.K.</st1:country-region>, the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.S.A.</st1:place></st1:country-region> and so on. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"></span> </div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Maternity
allowance<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></div>
</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Widow’s
benefit<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Invalidity
allowance<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Unemployment
benefit, which is available in the <st1:country-region w:st="on">U.K.</st1:country-region>
for a maximum period of 52 weeks<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
while in the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.S.A.</st1:place></st1:country-region>
the Social Security Act 1935, provides unemployment benefit for a limited period.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Sickness
benefit, which is available for a limited period for workers who are
unable to work due to illness.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; tab-stops: 40.85pt 426.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Non-contributory based scheme, for which the public is not
obliged to make any partial </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">contribution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fund
usually comes from the general tax revenue of the State.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Among the
benefits available under this scheme are:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Child
benefit - whereby for instance, a child in the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.K.</st1:place></st1:country-region> is entitled to a weekly
allowance until the age of 16 years.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Single-parent
benefit - whereby for example, a divorcee or an unmarried parent in the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.K.</st1:place></st1:country-region> is
entitled to a tax-free allowance.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Benefit
for the old and disabled - which is available in countries like <st1:city w:st="on">Hong Kong</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:country-region>,
the <st1:country-region w:st="on">U.K.</st1:country-region> and the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.S.A.</st1:place></st1:country-region> and
many more.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Income
supplement - which is available for those whose income, is lower than the
amount fixed by the Parliament.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This type of benefit is available today
in the <st1:country-region w:st="on">U.K.</st1:country-region> and the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.S.A.</st1:place></st1:country-region><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Housing
benefit - which is provided for those who have a low salary.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Exemption
from National Health Service charges, whereby in the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.K.</st1:place></st1:country-region> all
pensioners, under-aged children, receiver of income supplement<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
and other needy people, are eligible to be exempted from the National
Health Service charges, wholly or partly depending on the circumstances.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">There are
also other types of material assistance under the social security plan in many
countries for the blind,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
handicapped,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
old folks,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
survivors of disasters,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
destitute<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
and other unfortunate members of the society.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<h2 dir="LTR" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Sources
of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Modern
Social Security Fund<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">There are
numerous financial sources to back up the fund for the modern social security
system so as to ensure that, the poor and the needy in the society are not
overlooked.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These sources are as
follows:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Compulsory
contributions from employees for the fund to help the employees in both
situations; risk in the course of service and also upon retirement.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Compulsory
contribution from employers for the fund under the above compulsory scheme.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[74]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.K.</st1:place></st1:country-region>, the
general tax revenue finances the non-contributory scheme, non-means tested and
means-tested schemes.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[75]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the
U.S.A., the national government finances the assistance for the old folks,
survivors or disabled and Medicare, while the States finance other programs,
where, all aim in helping the poor and the needy in the society.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[76]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; tab-stops: 40.85pt 426.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">v)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In other
countries, like <st1:country-region w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Singapore</st1:country-region>, <st1:place w:st="on">Hong Kong</st1:place>
and so on, the fund for the contributory scheme is sustained by the partial
contribution by the employees, while the others are contributed by the
employers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other programs under the
social security plan are usually financed by the government with the
cooperation of the general tax revenues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<h2 dir="LTR" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Debating
Issues on </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Modern
Social Security System</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h2>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Even though,
it is an undeniable fact that, the modern social security system is trying to
help the poor and the needy in the society to live comfortably and with
dignity, there are still some aspects of it, which could be criticized:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>First of
all, the modern security system fails to cater for the insolvent with providing
financial assistance to settle their debts;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secondly,
even though it helps the unemployed by offering them financial assistance, such
a move is unwise as it might turn them into lazy citizens<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[77]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,
who would depend solely on assistance without having any kind of urge to solve
their own plight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hence, instead of
providing them with such assistance, it may be better to provide them with a
short-term loan to allow them to open their own businesses, which will of
course be more beneficial to the unemployed, rather than giving them financial
aids.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thirdly,
there is also no financial assistance available under this modern system for
the needy wayfarers, who are unable to maintain their costs for the rest of the
journey.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: no;">ZAKAT ? ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC
FRAMEWORK </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<h3 dir="LTR" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal;">Central Idea</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Zakat</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">
could well be defined as one of the five tenets of Islamic teachings,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[78]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
which appears in the form of an obligatory tax<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[79]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
aimed at purifying a person’s soul and wealth in establishing social justice in
the society.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[80]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This Islamic institution could be regarded as
one of the principal threats to the root of today’s capitalism.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[81]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Zakat</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">
is not only a form of charity but also compulsory tax collected from those who
are rich and wealthy, and distributed among the right recipients as described
in the Holy <i>Qur’an</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The principal
objectives of <i>Zakat</i> are not only to reduce the rate of poverty in the
society, but it simultaneously acts as a means of purifying one’s soul and
wealth.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">It is
however, unfortunate that, the notion of <i>Zakat</i> is often misunderstood<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[82]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
by the people who often regard it as to be only a mean of charity given out by
the rich to the poor and the needy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
reality of the application of this institution could be summed up as follows:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apart from
being charitable act, <i>Zakat</i> is also a compulsory tax imposed on the rich
and wealthy at the rate varying from 25% to 20%.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[83]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It does not
only provide financial assistance for the needy, but also purifies one’s soul
so as to make it closer to <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>) and also purifies one’s
property and wealth so as to eliminate from one any sense of selfishness.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[84]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The scope
of <i>Zakat</i> should not be narrowly interpreted today, relying only on the
items specified and mentioned during the time of the Prophet (<i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">saw</span></i>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the early Islamic period, the idea of
levying <i>Zakat</i> was on an annual savings of a prescribed amount<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[85]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,
after deducting self and family maintenance and settlement of one’s debts.
Since, the nation of ‘<i>Zakatable</i> property’ was previously understood as an
annual savings of a prescribed amount, it is only fair, in the context of
today’s contemporary society, to give a broader interpretation to the word, in
the light of the Islamic doctrine of <i>Masalih al-Mursalah</i> (public
interest), in order to enable us to apply the institution of <i>Zakat</i> in a
more practical manner, towards providing a solution to the problems faced by
the destitute in today’s society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus,
‘<i>Zakatable</i> wealth’ of today should also include any annual savings,
which the amount is prescribed by the <i>Shari’ah</i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[86]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,
be it in the form of currency or other forms of income or profits, made up from
any business or other types of legal transactions.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
reimbursement of <i>Zakat</i> should also not be narrowly interpreted to be a
mere act of charity, which means to help the beggars only.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Broadly speaking, <i>Zakat</i> is an
institution aimed at eradicating poverty by providing financial protection to
the poor, the needy, the old and the weak, the unemployed, the disabled, the
widows and so on, regardless of whether they asked for it or not.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fact is that, <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>)
has determined that, in everyone’s, wealth there is a portion for the people of
the above classes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Allah</i> (swt)
says to the effect:</span></div>
<br />
<h1 dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0cm 19.75pt 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arb Quraan"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";">,</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">وفي أموالهم حق للسائل والمحروم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arb Quraan"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";">-</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">"And in their
wealth and possession, the right of (needy), him who asked and him who (for
some reason) was deprived</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;"> ".</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[87]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; tab-stops: 40.85pt 426.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">v)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is
also another most common misconception of the word ‘<i>Zakat’</i> among
Muslims, that <i>Zakat</i> is being Divinely sanctioned for the Muslims only,
while rendering the non-Muslims ineligible to enjoy any benefits of the <i>Zakat</i>
institution.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[88]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is not so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Responding to this misconception, there are
many Scholars who have accepted the idea that, the institution of <i>Zakat</i>
is meant to be for both the Muslims and also the non-Muslims alike.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[89]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
This concept is further acknowledged by <i>Abu Ja’far Mohd. B. Jarir al-Tabari</i>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[90]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Based on these arguments, it is hence a
hypothetical solution that, <i>Zakat</i> provides the most practical solution
to the problems faced by the poor and the needy in the contemporary society, as
it protects each and every member of the society, regardless of difference in
religious beliefs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is very clear by
the decree of <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>), whereby the recipients of <i>Zakat</i>
need not to be Muslims alone<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[91]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
<i>M.A. Mannan,</i> thus, further clarified it as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">Zakat acts as a
unique measure provided by Islam to abolish poverty from the society by making
the rich live to the social responsibilities they have.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the economic sphere, Zakat prevents the
morbid accumulation of wealth in a few hands and to defuse it before it assumes
threatening proportions in the hands of its possessors, as it is a compulsory
contribution of the Muslims to the State Exchequer</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[92]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-no-proof: no;">Underlying Objectives of <i>Zakat</i></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Every
injunction, which had been revealed by <i>Allah </i>(<i>swt</i>) must have its
own rationale and objectives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hence, as
regards to the institution of <i>Zakat</i>, <i>Allah </i>(<i>swt</i>) has
sanctioned it with the aim of providing social security for the poor and the
needy in the society, and to develop a balanced economic growth<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[93]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,
as well as to become the act of spiritual purity and development.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The principal objectives of <i>Zakat</i>, in
other words, could be summed up as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is an
act of purifying one’s soul, by enabling one to become closer to <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is thus justified in the Holy <i>Qur’an</i>
when <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>) says to the following effect:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; margin: 0cm 35.3pt 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arb Quraan"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";">,</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">ولكن البر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 20pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span>…</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="RTL"></span> وآتي المال على حبه ذوى القربي واليتامى
والمساكين وابن السبيل والسائلين وفى الرقاب… وآتى الزكاة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arb Quraan"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";">-</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">"… But it is righteousness … to spend of your substance …
for your kin, for orphans, for the needy, for the wayfarer, for beggars and for
the ransom of captives .. and practice regular charity (Zakat</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">)…" </span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[94]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is also
meant to be an act of protecting the poor and the needy from any type of
financial and material constraints.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
other words, it strongly opposes the system of capitalism,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[95]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
which means, it does not allow one to practice the habit of hoarding goods and
wealth.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[96]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>) has indeed warned
people against any act of capitalism in the following sanction:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arb Quraan"; font-size: 20pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";">,</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face";">ويل لكل همزة لمزة.
الذي جمع مالاً وعدَّده. يحسب أنَّ ماله أخلده. كلاَّ لينبذنَّ في الحطمة. وما
أدراك ما الحطمة. نار الله الموقدة* التي تطلع على الأفئدة. إنها عليهم مؤصدة. في
عمد ممدة*</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arb Quraan"; font-size: 20pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";">-</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>" Woe to every
scandalmonger and backbiters, who piled up wealth and layeth it by.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thinking that his wealth would make him last
forever.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By no means he will be sure to
be thrown in to that which breaks to pieces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And what will explain to you that which break to pieces?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(It is) fine of (the wrath of) Allah (swt)
kindled (to a blaze).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The which doth
mount (right) to the hearts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It shall be
made into a vault over them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In columns
outstretched? " </span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[97]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Such hoarding attitude of one's wealth is against the rules of
<i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>) and it surely </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">deprives the poor and destitute from their actual rights.</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is thus ruled out by <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arb Quraan"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";">,</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">وفي أموالهم حق للسائل والمحروم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arb Quraan"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";">-</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">"And in their wealth and possessions (was remembered) the
right of the (needy).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Him who asked and
him who (for reasons) was prevented (from asking</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">) ". </span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[98]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It not only
benefits the poor but also the rich.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
poor and the destitute would benefit from the financial and material assistance
obtained from the rich, while the rich and wealthy will be handsomely rewarded
by <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>) in the hereafter for their act of obedience to <i>Allah</i>
(<i>swt</i>).<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[99]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It also
plays a vital role in the progress of the spiritual aspect, economy and also
technology in the society, bearing in mind that, this Islamic institution of <i>Zakat</i>
benefits both the Muslims and the non-Muslims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dr. R.R. Marett views that, the “real progress is in charity”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[100]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aldous Hoxley, meanwhile, observes that,
“technological advance” will become useless without the “progress in charity”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[101]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">v)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While <i>Zakat</i>
functions as a means to eradicate poverty in the society, it also
simultaneously moulds the individuals into responsible and caring persons, who
are always ready to help the poor and those who are unfortunate.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[102]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">vi)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At the same
time, the institution of <i>Zakat</i> inculcates the spirit of brotherhood<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn103" name="_ftnref103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[103]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
in upholding social solidarity in the society.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn104" name="_ftnref104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[104]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">vii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It, at the
same time, ensures an ideal sustainable social security for the poor, the
needy, the old, the disabled, and other unfortunate individuals in the society
regardless, of their religious beliefs, languages, races and so on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">viii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Finally, the
Islamic institution of <i>Zakat</i> also creates creative individuals who are
non-materialistic, self sufficient and always grateful for the bounties of <i>Allah</i>
(<i>swt</i>), enabling them to experience and enjoy vast spiritual development,
social solidarity and also material prosperity.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn105" name="_ftnref105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[105]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-no-proof: no;">Socio-economic Impact of <i>Zakat</i></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">As we have
discussed earlier, the institution <i>Zakat</i> does not only provide the basis
for social security but also plays many other important roles in the
society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fundamental roles played by
<i>Zakat</i>, however, could be itemized as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It provides
the society with soul and wealth purity,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn106" name="_ftnref106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[106]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
developing the moral aspect, which mould the rich into being responsible and
caring about the poor.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn107" name="_ftnref107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[107]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
At the same time developing the spirit of brotherhood and cooperation based on
goodwill in the society.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn108" name="_ftnref108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[108]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Moreover, it benefits the rich and the poor alike, whereby the rich will be
rewarded by <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>) in the hereafter,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn109" name="_ftnref109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[109]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
the poor will be thankful for the material assistance rendered to them under
the sanction of <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>).<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn110" name="_ftnref110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[110]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It also
plays a vital role in providing a sustainable social security scheme in the
following ways:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">By
providing material assistance for the poor, the needy and the destitute<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn111" name="_ftnref111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[111]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
in the society in order to fulfill their material needs , and enabling them to
be self-reliant;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">By
catering the required assistance in the circumstances of unemployment,
insufficient medical expenses, for the old, the disabled and the handicapped,
as well as inadequacies to maintain one’s life, for widows and children with no
parents; and so on, on the basis of needy test.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">By
helping other members of the society who might not be originally poor
materially and financially, but nevertheless, unexpectedly facing material or
financial constraints due to certain unexpected and unfortunate happenings,
such as having financial difficulties during traveling, etc.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn112" name="_ftnref112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[112]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
institution of <i>Zakat</i> also relieves a person from the burden of
insolvency should he or she is unable to settle the debts;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn113" name="_ftnref113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[113]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Zakat</i>
indeed also plays an extremely important role in protecting and helping those
who are sacrificing themselves in the path of Islam, in order to uphold the <i>Deen</i>
of <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>) in this earth.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn114" name="_ftnref114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[114]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">After
seeing the vital roles played by <i>Zakat</i> in the society, it is hence easy
to point out its significance as summarized below:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The institution of <i>Zakat</i>
benefits both the rich and the poor.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn115" name="_ftnref115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[115]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It creates
members of the society with responsible and caring attitude;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn116" name="_ftnref116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[116]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
inculcates strong spirit of brotherhood, goodwill, cooperation and tolerance in
the society;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn117" name="_ftnref117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[117]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It also
provides the society with purification of soul and wealth;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn118" name="_ftnref118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[118]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">v)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Zakat</i>
provides material and financial security for the poor and other unfortunate
members of the society;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn119" name="_ftnref119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[119]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">vi)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It provides
both the Muslims and non-Muslims with material and financial protections;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn120" name="_ftnref120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[120]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">vii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It also
seeks to relieve an insolvent from his unsettled debts;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn121" name="_ftnref121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[121]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">viii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Like wise
it, helps those who are sacrificing themselves in the cause of upholding the
religion of <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>).<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn122" name="_ftnref122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[122]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-no-proof: no;">Sources of <i>Zakat</i> Fund</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">After
ascertaining how the Islamic institution of <i>Zakat</i> could play its role in
providing social and spiritual security in the contemporary society, at this
point I will examine the sources of a <i>Zakat</i> fund.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, before we touch on this question, it
is wise to bear in our minds the following points:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Prior to
the full implementation of <i>Zakat</i>, it is of utmost importance to ensure
that, the sources for its fund are of tradable value and are <i>Zakatable</i>
in nature, due to the rapid economic growth in contemporary society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In order to arrive at a determination whether
the goods and properties are indeed <i>Zakatable</i> in nature (i.e. able to be
used as a legal <i>Zakat</i> fund), it is important to apply, <i>inter alia; </i>the
tradable test, which must be conducted in light of the Islamic principles of <i>Qiyas</i>
(analogy) and <i>Masalih al-Mursalah</i> (public interest) so as to come up
with more practical solutions on the test of tradability of the goods and
properties.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn123" name="_ftnref123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[123]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is to enable the society to obtain
maximum benefit from <i>Zakat</i> in ways recognized by <i>Shari’ah</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Hence, in
order to determine whether the goods or properties used as the fund are indeed
tradable and <i>Zakatable</i>, the following three-fold tradable test may be
applied:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The goods or
properties to be <i>Zakatable</i> must be in the form of additional goods,
properties or profits after deducting one’s self expenditures, family
maintenance and settlement of debts;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.9pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The goods or
properties should be <i>Zakatable</i> on manual basis;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The goods or
properties to be <i>Zakatable</i> must reach a certain amount determined by <i>Shari’ah</i>.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although,
the modern social security system creates its fund from <i>inter alia</i>,
taxes imposed on financially able citizens,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn124" name="_ftnref124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[124]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
and the Islamic institution of <i>Zakat</i> on the other hand, also creates its
fund from mandatory taxes imposed on the tradable goods and properties<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn125" name="_ftnref125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[125]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
the fact is that, <i>Zakat </i>still presents the society with a more ideal and
practical solution compared to the modern system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is because <i>Zakat</i> is not only a
mere physical act of paying taxes by able persons, but it goes beyond that
limit, as we find that it is also an act sanctioned by <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>)
Himself, embodying spiritual, moral and educational elements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whereas, the modern social security system
offers only material assistance to the needy public, the institution of <i>Zakat</i>
not only confers material assistance, but also contains spiritual moral and
educational benefits.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 0cm 426.1pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">After
carefully digesting the two points already forwarded, let us see the proposed <i>Zakatable</i>
goods in the contemporary world:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 0cm 426.1pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.05pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gold, silver<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn126" name="_ftnref126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[126]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
and diamond.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 70.9pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All sorts of
monetary savings, which are derived from salary,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn127" name="_ftnref127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[127]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
premiums obtained from legal transactions and other sources.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.05pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Assets and capitals of any company or
business firms.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.05pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stocks and shares.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.05pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">v)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Animals.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn128" name="_ftnref128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[128]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.05pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">vi)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Any business license;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn129" name="_ftnref129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[129]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.05pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">vii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hoarding articles or properties;<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn130" name="_ftnref130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[130]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.05pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>viii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agricultural products such as paddy, palm
oil, cocoa, etc.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn131" name="_ftnref131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[131]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.05pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ix)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wealth obtained from mine such as tin,
petrol, natural gas, etc.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn132" name="_ftnref132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[132]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.05pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-no-proof: no;">Zakat</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 16pt; mso-no-proof: no;"> : an able alternative to
Social Security System</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<h3 dir="LTR" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">After
scrutinizing both systems above, we have seen the similarities and differences
on both systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hence, for the purpose
of further analysis between the two systems, let us make a comparative
evaluation on the programs designed by both systems:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The modern
social security system provides a two-fold solution in helping the poor and the
needy in the society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two-fold
solution is classified as the contributory-based scheme (whose fund is derived
from willful contribution from employers and employees); the non-contributory
based scheme (whose fund is created from the State’s tax revenues).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The institution of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zakat</i> on the other hand, offers a one-fold scheme, which is broader
in nature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This scheme is
non-contributory one, in which the needy people of the society are to be helped
out by the compulsory tax (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zakat</i>)<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn133" name="_ftnref133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[133]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
payable by the rich.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn134" name="_ftnref134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[134]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other words, the needy people who are
benefited by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zakat</i> are on
non-contributory basis under the principles of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zakat</i>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn135" name="_ftnref135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[135]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The type of
beneficiaries described by the modern social system such as the poor, the
disable, the old, the handicapped and so on are<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn136" name="_ftnref136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[136]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
also approved by the <i>Shari’ah</i> in the light of the institution of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zakat</i> under the broad meaning of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fuqara</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Masakin,</i> which means the ‘poor’ and the ‘needy’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such broad interpretation of the above two
words is based on the doctrines of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Qiyas</i>
(analogy) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Masalih</i> al-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mursalah</i> (public interest) and will be
dealt with in the forthcoming section.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn137" name="_ftnref137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[137]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The
dissimilarities between both the modern and the Islamic systems as we have seen
so far, are undeniable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, it must
always be remembered that, the Islamic institution of <i>Zakat</i> offers a
much wider role and scope in its application, making it to be the most suitable
and practical method in providing the poor and the needy with a proper social
security.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other words, among the
things offered by <i>Zakat,</i> which are not available under the modern system
are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The <i>Zakat</i>
fund helps an insolvent to settle his debts provided that, the insolvent does
have sufficient financial ability to settle the debt. As <i>al-Tabari</i>
reveals:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The
insolvent is the indebted without extravagance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The rule is required to pay his debt from the treasury (<i>Zakat</i>).<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn138" name="_ftnref138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[138]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It also
sets up a scheme to provide necessary financial aid for the wayfarer<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn139" name="_ftnref139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[139]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
who unexpectedly faces financial risk regardless of rich or poor.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn140" name="_ftnref140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[140]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The <i>Zakat</i>
fund extends its services to those needy people who are striving in the path of
<i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>).<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn141" name="_ftnref141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[141]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The people who are striving in the path of <i>Allah</i>
(<i>swt</i>) include fellow students who are seeking knowledge, as well as
those who sacrifice themselves, their property, energy and time in establishing
the <i>Deen</i> of <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>) in any manner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Zakat</i>
also relieves those who are under financial bond.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn142" name="_ftnref142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[142]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the contemporary world, those who are
under this category included detainees and hostages who could only be released
by their captors on the payment of certain amount of ransom. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">v)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It also
provides reasonable wages for those who are involved in collecting the <i>Zakat</i>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn143" name="_ftnref143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[143]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">vi)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Zakat</i>
also provides protection for Muslims and non-Muslims alike,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn144" name="_ftnref144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[144]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
rendering it to be one of the most equitable means of social security.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As Prof. <i>Abdur Rahman</i> <i>I</i>. <i>Doi</i>
quotes, in support of this view that when <i>Sayyedana</i> <i>Umar</i> (<i>r.a</i>)
was traveling to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Syria</st1:country-region></st1:place>
and saw a needy Christians he (r.a.) ordered that, they should be looked after
by the <i>Zakat</i> fund.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn145" name="_ftnref145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[145]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">vii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
institution of <i>Zakat</i> also creates a caring society,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn146" name="_ftnref146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[146]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
inculcating the strong spirit of brotherhood, goodwill, tolerance and
cooperation among the members in the society.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn147" name="_ftnref147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[147]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">viii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Last but not
least, this Islamic institution also provides the society with wealth and
spiritual purification.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn148" name="_ftnref148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[148]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">Practicality of the terms “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><em>Fuqara</em></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">”
and “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><em>Masakin</em></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: no;">”.<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">We have seen
earlier how the modern social security system derives a two-fold solution to
help the poor and the needy in the society, i.e. through the contributory-based
scheme, whose fund is obtained by way of willful contributions by the employers
and the employees, and the non-contributory-based scheme, whose fund is
collected from the state tax revenues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We have also seen how the institution of <i>Zakat</i> derives one-fold
method in helping the poor and the needy on non-contributory based scheme,
whereby the fund is derived from obligatory taxes paid by the able citizens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The issue to
be determined before us now is, whether the type of beneficiaries prescribed by
the modern social security system (such as the poor, the disabled, the
handicapped and so on) are within the ambit of the <i>Fuqara</i> and <i>Masakin</i>
as mentioned in the Holy <i>Qur’an</i>?<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn149" name="_ftnref149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[149]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The answer is, yes, the words <i>Fuqara</i>
and <i>Masakin</i> do cover all the beneficiaries prescribed under the
non-contributory based scheme of the modern social security system, based on
the Islamic doctrines of <i>Qiyas</i> and <i>Masalih al-Mursalah</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For justification, the following arguments
are forwarded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
beneficiaries under the non-contributory-based scheme prescribed by modern
system are determined on the basis of the ‘needy test’, while the meaning of
the words <i>Fuqara</i> and <i>Masakin</i> are also based on the ‘needy test’
i.e. the beneficiaries of the fund must indeed be based on the need of
financial or material assistance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
fact, the broad interpretations of the two words include not only those
beneficiaries prescribed by the modern scheme but also those who are not
prescribed by it, but it includes any person so long as one falls within the
definition of needy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hence, it is only
natural to deduce from it the notion that the definitions of beneficiaries
under the modern social security system falls within the broad interpretation
of the words <i>Fuqara</i> and <i>Masakin</i> in the Holy <i>Qur’an</i> at
9:60.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The broad
interpretation of the words <i>Fuqara</i> and <i>Masakin</i> are also shared by
some Islamic dictionaries for example, Abdullah Yusof Ali has interpreted the
word <i>Miskin</i> as ‘needy’, and <i>Faqir </i>is as someone who is in
financial need’.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn150" name="_ftnref150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[150]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bassam Sulaiman also shares the same view as
Abdullah Yusuf Ali on the interpretations of the definition of the words <i>Faqir</i>
and <i>Miskin</i>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn151" name="_ftnref151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[151]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
The dictionary in Islam on the other hand, defines the word <i>Faqir</i> as the
‘poor’ and <i>Miskin</i> as one who has no property whatsoever.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn152" name="_ftnref152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[152]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another encyclopedia defines the word <i>Faqir</i>
as a beggar, a dependent or the one who is in need as opposed to <i>Ghani</i>
or a rich,<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn153" name="_ftnref153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[153]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
while another encyclopedia of Islam defines the word <i>Miskin</i> as the poor,
the most needy, miserable or the person whom it is an obligation for believers
to support.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn154" name="_ftnref154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[154]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, the broad definitions and
interpretations of the word <i>Faqir</i> and <i>Miskin</i> given by the above
dictionaries and encyclopedias of Islam further enhance the view that, the
ambits of both words cover the poor and the needy, who not only cover the
prescribed beneficiaries under the modern system, but also other beneficiaries
besides it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The fact that
both <i>Faqir</i> (the poor) and <i>Miskin</i> include anyone who is in need of
material or financial assistance (which of course includes those beneficiaries
prescribed by the modern social security system) is further strengthened by the
fact that, even the modern English dictionaries give broad interpretations of
both words.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For instance, The <i>New
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</i> defines a ‘poor’ as a person who is unfortunate,
needy, destitute or indigent or the one who is lacking or procure comforts of
necessities of life, or the one who is having less than is wanted or expected.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn155" name="_ftnref155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[155]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The same dictionary also defines the word
‘needy’ as the one who is ‘poor’, destitute or a person without necessities.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn156" name="_ftnref156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[156]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meanwhile, <i>Webster’s New</i> <i>Twentieth
Century Dictionary</i> defines ‘poor’ as the one who is poor, or needy or
indigent, or money less or insolvent, lacking pleasure or comfort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also defines ‘poor as the one who is
lacking material possessions or having little or no means to support one self.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn157" name="_ftnref157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[157]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The same dictionary defines the word ‘needy’
as the one who is poor or not having enough to keep up an adequate standard of
living.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn158" name="_ftnref158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[158]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Based on all
these logical arguments, it is of no surprise that we have finally came to the
conclusion that, the words <i>Fuqara</i> and <i>Masakin</i> as mentioned by <i>Allah</i>
(<i>swt</i>) in the Holy <i>Qur’an</i> at 9:60 indeed carry broad
interpretations, based on the doctrines of <i>Qiyas</i> and <i>Masalih
al-Mursalah,</i> so as to include anyone, who is in need of financial or
material assistance, which of course include also the prescribed beneficiaries
determined by the modern social security system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Can Zakat
Provide A Social Security for the Multi-Religion Needy Society? </span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The modern
social system was invented based on conventional thought in order to cater for
the poor and the needy in the society, regardless of their race and
religion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The question here is, can <i>Zakat</i>
and its fund offer similar protection to the poor and the destitute in today’s
modern society, which is multi-racial and multi-religious?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">We have
already seen that <i>Zakat</i> in practice is a compulsory tax, accumulated for
those whose income and property has reached to a certain amount.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, as regards to the question whether
it is able to cater for multi-religion society or not, the <i>Ulama</i> or
Islamic jurists have mixed views on it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some of them are of the opinion that, <i>Zakat</i> is a compulsory tax
collected from Muslims and it is therefore, should provide social security for
Muslims only.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn159" name="_ftnref159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[159]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the majority of the <i>Ulama</i> are
of the view that, <i>Zakat</i> is an Islamic institution, which not only
provides social security for the Muslims, but also for the non-Muslims who are
poor and needy, regardless of differences in religion, color or sex.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This view is indeed justified by the
following evidences:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The words
of <i>Faqir</i> and <i>Miskin</i> mentioned in verse 9:60 are <i>‘Am</i>
(general) in nature so as to include any ‘poor’ or ‘needy’ person be them
Muslims or non-Muslims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is indeed
justified by the case when the second Caliph of Islam, <i>Sayyedana</i> <i>Umar</i>
(r.a.) once saw<i> </i>a Jew begging from other people due to old age and
financial constrain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He (<i>r.a</i>),
upon witnessing this situation recited the Holy verse<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn160" name="_ftnref160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[160]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
which means:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL"></span><i><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="RTL"></span>“</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">undoubtedly the Zakat is for the poor and the destitute</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">.”</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn161" name="_ftnref161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[161]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">He
(r.a.) then said that, the recipients of <i>Zakat</i> must not necessarily be
Muslims only, but should also be extended to the non-Muslims.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn162" name="_ftnref162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[162]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Once, the
second Caliph (r.a.), in another occasion, saw some Christian lepers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He (r.a.) ordered that they should be given <i>Zakat</i>
and be looked after by the property.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn163" name="_ftnref163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[163]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>During the
period of <i>Sayyedana Abu Bakar</i> (r.a.) the first Caliph, Khalid ibn Walid
(<i>r.a</i>) wrote in respect of the Christian inhabitants of <i>al-Hira</i> in
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Iraq</st1:country-region></st1:place>,
saying that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">Any old man incapable of work or anyone who has suffered from
any calamity, or any person who was rich and suddenly became a pauper asking
for charity from his people, Jizyah must not be collected from him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He and his family, as the contrary, should be
maintained through the Baitul Mal of Muslims</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">.</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn164" name="_ftnref164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[164]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The First
and Second Caliph (r.a.) of Islam had also established an organization for
social security, which functioned for the betterment of the needy, both Muslims
and the non-Muslims.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn165" name="_ftnref165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[165]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">v)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Imam Zufar
(r.a.) ruled that, the non-Muslims who are needy and poor should also be helped
out of the <i>Zakat</i> fund, which may bring them closer to Muslims.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn166" name="_ftnref166" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn166;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[166]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">vi)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Maliki
and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Zaidi</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Schools</st1:placetype></st1:place> of law are also of the opinion
that, the non-Muslims who are poor and needy should also be given the
opportunity to share the benefits of the <i>Zakat</i> fund, so as to soften
their hearts in order to become more friendly and closer to Muslims.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn167" name="_ftnref167" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn167;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[167]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">vii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Shaikh Shaft
al-Din al-Nawawi also expressed that it is a common obligation to help the
needy and feed the hungry<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn168" name="_ftnref168" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn168;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[168]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
regardless of their religion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">viii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Shaikh
Shamsuddin Ramli, meanwhile, acknowledged that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">The non-Muslims are like Muslims when it comes to relieving
them from their sufferings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
essential for all Muslims to remove any harm coming to them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apart from food or clothing of the needy
non-Muslims, it is also Fardu Kifayah to help them in the treatment of their
sickness and giving fees to the doctors, and buying medicine etc</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">.</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn169" name="_ftnref169" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn169;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[169]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ix)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Prof. Abdur
Rahman I. Doi accepts the view that, although the non-Muslims do not contribute
to the <i>Zakat</i> fund they should be assisted by it.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn170" name="_ftnref170" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn170;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[170]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He went on to say that non-Muslims are indeed
part and parcel of the Islamic State.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hence, it is the responsibility of the state to provide social security
for all Muslims and non-Muslims alike.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn171" name="_ftnref171" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn171;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[171]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">All the
above-mentioned justifications prove that the Islamic institution of <i>Zakat</i>
and its fund is able to provide a meaningful social security for all members of
the society, regardless of their color, race, sex and religion. As long as one
falls within the definition of needy and destitute he could be aided out by the
institution of <i>Zakat</i>.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-no-proof: no;">Can <i>Zakat</i> Provide a Basis for the Modern Social Security
System?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An Analytical Submission</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Under the
contributory-based scheme of modern social security system, among the benefits
available are retirement pensions, widows’ benefits, invalidity benefits,
unemployment benefits and sickness benefits.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn172" name="_ftnref172" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn172;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[172]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This scheme is operated on the basis of
willful financial contributions by the employers and the employees, while it
works for the designed-people on the needy test basis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although, <i>Zakat</i> is the collection of
compulsory tax paid by those who are financially able, it is spent for the
security of needy people in the society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Since beneficiaries designed under the contributory-based of modern
social security system are on needy test basis hence, it is obvious that the <i>Zakat</i>
could undoubtedly provide a social security for those needy people on the basis
of needy test.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The only difference here
is that, those needy are helped out under the modern social security system
upon the contribution basis, whereas under the principles of <i>Zakat</i> they
are helped out on non-contribution basis.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Here, I
would like to analyze with a justification that the beneficiaries under the
contributory-based scheme of the modern social security system could be catered
by the institution of <i>Zakat</i> on the needy test basis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The justifications are as follows:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; tab-stops: 426.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As regards to
the concept of retirement pension, it was even practiced long time ago during
the era of the Caliph Umar (<i>r.a</i>) who set up a special <i>Dewan</i> or
department to manage the retirement pension.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He even once ordered the government to pay regular pensions to both
Muslims and non-Muslims.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn173" name="_ftnref173" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn173;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[173]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because, retired is a jobless with no income,
hence is usually considered as a needy. Thus, those who are considered as a
needy surely deserve <i>Zakat</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As regards the
widow’s benefits, it is one of the great virtues to look after the welfare of
the widows as the Holy Prophet (saw) once said to the effect:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; margin: 0cm 19.75pt 0pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">الساعي على الأرملة و المسكين كالمجاهد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">في سبيل الله أو كالذي
يصوم النهار ويقوم الليل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 15.25pt 0pt 72pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">The one who looks after and works for a widow and for a poor
person is like a warrior fighting for Allah’s (swt) or like a person who fasts
during the day and prays all the night</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">...” </span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn174" name="_ftnref174" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn174;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[174]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 15.25pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Thus, such welfare is also on the needy test.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An invalidity
benefit is for those beneficiaries who are unable to work and earn their
necessities due to sickness</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn175" name="_ftnref175" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn175;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[175]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">
and such a concept is also in harmony with the commandments of <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>)
in helping the needy, as He (<i>swt</i>) narrated to the following effect:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<h4 dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arb Quraan"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";">,</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">وفي أموالهم حق
للسائل والمحروم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arb Quraan"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";">-</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">And in their wealth and possession, the right of (needy), him
who asked and him who (for some reason) was deprived</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">.</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn176" name="_ftnref176" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn176;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[176]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">d)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Unemployment
benefits are meant for those who are unemployed due to crisis in the job market
or under qualification.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn177" name="_ftnref177" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn177;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[177]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Islam has indeed indicated that, it is a
moral obligation to help those who are unemployed and face difficulties as the
result of that phenomenon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Holy
Prophet (saw) said to the effect:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; margin: 0cm 19.75pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">من</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">نفس عن مؤمن كربة من كرب الدنيا نفس الله عنه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">كربة من كرب يوم القيامة، ومن يسر على معسر يسر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">الله عليه في الدنيا
والآخرة</span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">Whoever solves the worldly difficulties of a believer, Allah
(swt) will remove from him one of the grieves of the Day of Judgement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whosoever alleviates (the lot of) a needy
person, Allah (swt) will alleviate (his lot) in this world and the next</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;"> ...” <a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn178" name="_ftnref178" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn178;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[178]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">e)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are some
situations whereby some people are unable to maintain themselves as well as
their families due to unexpected sickness, which hamper their ability to earn
their basic necessities and needs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
such, Islam also encourages the people to help these types of needy people as
we find the Prophet (saw) saying to the following effect in one of his
traditions:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 12.65pt 0pt 1cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">ومن يسر على معسر يسر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">الله عليه في الدنيا
والآخرة</span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">… </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">Whosoever
alleviates (the lot of) a needy person, Allah (swt) will alleviate (his lot) in
this world and the next</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">….</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn179" name="_ftnref179" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn179;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[179]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Furthermore,
Shaikh Shamsuddin Ramli, in support of his view said that, in the case of a
person facing hardship due to sickness or any other cause, which results him in
becoming poor and needy. Such a person regardless of religion should be
assisted, not only by providing cloth and food, but also with all the necessary
aids of medical treatment.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn180" name="_ftnref180" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn180;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[180]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">On the other
hand, under the non-contributory based scheme of the modern social security
system, the beneficiaries may be helped based on the fund financed by the
compulsory tax imposed on those who are materially and financially able.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn181" name="_ftnref181" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn181;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[181]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed, both the modern security system and
the Islamic system of <i>Zakat</i> offer such scheme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The only difference that exist between the
two systems is that, under the modern system the beneficiaries have been
‘specified’, whereas the institution of <i>Zakat</i> covers unlimited category
of beneficiaries under the broad application of the words <i>Fuqara</i> and <i>Masakin</i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn182" name="_ftnref182" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn182;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[182]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
upon the application of the needy test, which of course, includes not only the
beneficiaries specified under the modern social security system, but also any
person of the society so long as he/she falls under the meaning of needy and
destitute, regardless of one’s religion, race, sex or even colour.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">A closer
look at the application of the notion of the institution of <i>Zakat</i> will
reveal that, it besides acknowledging the limited recipients specified by the
modern system, also extends its helping hand to the other type of needy people
living in the society.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For
instance, the institution of <i>Zakat</i> does not oppose the material and
financial assistance for the under aged children under the modern social
security system as they are considered among the needy in the society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Holy Prophet (saw) in fact, encouraged
the people to look after the needy children when He (saw) said to the effect:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<h6 dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 19.75pt 0pt 49.65pt;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">أنا وكافل اليتيم
في الجنة هكذا..<o:p></o:p></span></h6>
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<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">I and the person who looks after an (needy) orphan and
provides for him will be in paradise</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">…. </span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn183" name="_ftnref183" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn183;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[183]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The
under aged children are income less and thus, they are considered as a needy to
maintain themselves sufficiently.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Holy Prophet (saw) emphasized to look after any need people living in the
society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He (saw) said to the effect:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; margin: 0cm 12.65pt 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">الساعي على</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span>…</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">و المسكين كالمجاهد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">في سبيل الله</span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">The one who looks after and works for … (the) poor person is
like a warrior fighting for Allah’s (swt) cause</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">….</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn184" name="_ftnref184" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn184;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[184]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Islamic
institutions of <i>Zakat</i> also shares the same notion with the modern social
security system that, single parents (such as those who lost their spouses
through death or divorce) should be financially and materially helped out, as
the Holy Prophet (saw) said to the effect in one of the traditions that:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; margin: 0cm 19.75pt 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">الساعي على الأرملة و المسكين كالمجاهد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">في سبيل الله <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">The one who looks after and works for a widow and for poor is
like a warrior fighting for the cause of Allah (swt)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn185" name="_ftnref185" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn185;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[185]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As far as one’s
disability is concerned, Islam has also encouraged fellow human beings to look
after those who are helpless and disabled in order to sustain a meaningful
life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Islam, it has always been a
responsibility of the able person to remove all hardships from the disabled and
helpless, as we find the Prophet (saw) mentioned to the effect in the coming
tradition:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; margin: 0cm 12.65pt 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">من</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">نفس عن مؤمن كربة من كرب الدنيا نفس الله عنه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">كربة من كرب يوم القيامة، ومن يسر على معسر يسر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">الله عليه في الدنيا
والآخرة.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>والله في عون العبد ما كان العبد
في عون أخيه</span><b><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">Whosoever removes a worldly grief from a believer, Allah (swt)
will remove from him one of the grieves of the day of judgement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whosoever alleviates (it from) a needy
person, Allah (swt) will alleviate (his lot) in this world and the
next....<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allah (swt) will aid a servant
so long as his servant aids his brothers</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">…” </span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn186" name="_ftnref186" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn186;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[186]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Zakat</i>
also shares the policy with the modern social security system that, financial
and material assistance to the income supplement should also be reserved for a
person whose income is low and insufficient to support his own family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed, Islam regards it as a duty, which has
to be shouldered by those who are financially and materially secured.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Prophet (saw) expressed in one of the
traditions that one who removes the grief of another will obtain the help from <i>Allah</i>
(swt).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">v)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The very
idea of providing free health service for those who are unable to pay for
medical and health treatments (such as by providing medicines, subsidizing in
treatments, sick-beds accommodations at clinics and hospitals, food for those
who are hospitalized, etc.) is very much in line with Islamic principles,
teachings and belief.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The institutions
of <i>Zakat</i>, in fact, is also in favor of providing even more extensive
assistance in this regard, by providing total exclusion from medical expenses
and so on. Moreover, in the view of <i>Shaikh Shamsuddin</i>, both the Muslims
and the non-Muslims are entitled to any kind of assistance under <i>Zakat</i>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn187" name="_ftnref187" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn187;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[187]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">vi)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Other types
of beneficiaries under the modern social security system who are entitled to
obtain benefits such as attendance allowance, mobility allowance, invalid care
allowance, housing benefits, social funds and so on<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn188" name="_ftnref188" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn188;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[188]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
are indeed recognized under the Islamic institutions of <i>Zakat</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal;"><o:p><strong> </strong></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" dir="LTR" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal;">Practicality of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><em>Zakat</em></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the Contemporary Socio-economic
& Cultural Reality</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">It has
already been acknowledged in the light of our earlier analysis that, the
institution of <i>Zakat</i> provides material and financial assistance for the
modern needy society as a whole, regardless of one’s religious belief, color,
race or even sex.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This phenomenon
presents us with the clear idea that <i>Zakat</i> could act as an ideal
solution towards helping the poor and the needy in the modern world of
today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The next question to be answered
is, how can we turn this fact into a reality?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hence, in materializing this noble aim, the following logical
methodologies could be adopted:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Inculcation
of the significance of Zakat</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">It
has already been realized that <i>Zakat</i> contains more significance towards
not only the material aspect, but also social, moral and spiritual aspects of
the society as compared to what is offered under the modern social security
system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Zakat,</i> as we have already
seen, also extends its role to each individual in the society who is poor and
needy, regardless of one’s sex, religion, race, color or whatsoever reason may
be. Hence, in order to educate and inculcate such phenomenon and ideas of
Islamic institution of the <i>Zakat</i>, exhibitions and seminar dialogues
could be held for the public and government officials around the globe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This effort must always be accompanied by
publishing of writings, articles and journals in propagating the idea and
significance of the institution of <i>Zakat</i> in the contemporary society.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Correction
of the misconceptions about Zakat</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">The
well-known misconception about the institution of <i>Zakat,</i> which portrays
it as an institution for beggars and low-class people should be rebutted in
upholding that <i>Zakat</i> is a form of social security provided for those who
are poor and in order to transform them into self-reliant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such material and financial assistance is
indeed a duty and an obligation upon those who are able materially and
financially, as it is aimed at assisting and accommodating these unfortunate
members of the society, making them welcomed and not to degrade their
personalities.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Pragmatic
application of the rules of Zakat based on the Islamic principles.</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">It
is undeniable truth that the society is always developing and changing with
culture, thinking and so on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hence, in
sustaining the development and changes, there is a need to apply the rules of <i>Zakat</i>
in the light of the Islamic concept of <i>Siasah al-Shari’ah’</i> which
stresses the application of all Islamic principles based on the doctrine of <i>Qiyas</i>
(analogy) and <i>Masalih al-Mursalah</i> (public interest).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such move is needed in order to ensure a
successful application of the Islamic rules of <i>Zakat</i> based on the
doctrine of <i>Siasah al-Shari’ah,</i> in order to provide financial and
material protection for the poor, the needy and the unfortunate in today’s
society, which <i>inter alia, </i>surely eliminates one’s hardship while securing
a comfortable life for all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is indeed
in line with <i>Qur’an</i>ic principles where <i>Allah</i> (swt) says:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoHeading8" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 19.75pt 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">يريد الله بكم اليسر ولا يريد بكم العسر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arb Quraan"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";">-</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">"… </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">God (swt)
intends every facility for you; He does not want to put you in difficulties</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">…"</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn189" name="_ftnref189" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn189;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[189]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<h2 dir="LTR" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Final
Remarks</span></h2>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Finally, it
is sincerely submitted at the final stage of this research that, the Islamic
institution of <i>Zakat</i> is unique and is capable of providing practical and
ideal solutions for the contemporary world, in the provision of social security
for the least fortunate ones, regardless of their religious beliefs, races,
languages, colors and sexes, and without any discrimination.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn190" name="_ftnref190" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn190;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[190]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Hence, in my
concluding remark, I would like to come up with some possible suggestions on
the applications of <i>Zakat</i> in today’s society and also some aspirations
from this divine institution of <i>Zakat</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<h2 dir="LTR" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">Summary
in General</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h2>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
institutions of <i>Zakat</i> is expressly a non-contributory based scheme whose
fund is paved by the collection of compulsory taxes collected from those who
are financially and materially able, aimed at providing social security for the
poor and the needy in the society, regardless of their religious beliefs,
sexes, races and nationalities or whatever reason may be.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn191" name="_ftnref191" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn191;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[191]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
institution of <i>Zakat</i> does not only provide a material security for the
needy but it also ensures significance to one’s spiritual, social and moral
aspects.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The proper
application and administration of <i>Zakat</i> does not only guarantee a
meaningful social security and solidarity<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn192" name="_ftnref192" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn192;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[192]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
but also provides an ideal treatment to the today’s most common threat of the
capitalism.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn193" name="_ftnref193" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn193;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[193]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iv)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In achieving
all the above significance, it is hence, extremely essential for the <i>Ummah</i>
to administer the rules of <i>Zakat</i> in the light of the Islamic principles
of <i>Siasah al-Shari’ah,</i> whose operation is based on the Islamic doctrines
of <i>Qiyas</i> and <i>Masalih al-Mursalah</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In order to rescue the unfortunate ones and provide them with a
comfortable life, <i>Allah</i> (swt) says:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 12.65pt 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;">يريد الله بكم اليسر ولا
يريد بكم العسر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arb Quraan"; font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Arb Quraan";">-</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;">"… <i>Allah (swt) intends every facility for you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He (swt) does not want to put you in
difficulties</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-no-proof: no;">…"</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftn194" name="_ftnref194" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn194;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: no;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[194]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">v)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Based on the
analysis, it is admitted that, the institution of <i>Zakat</i> is able to
provide not only the basis for the modern social security system, but also many
other significances for the human lives not only in this world, but also in the
hereafter, as proved earlier.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Possible
Suggestions towards Practices of <i>Zakat</i> in the contemporary Reality.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">Towards an
application of the institution of <i>Zakat</i> in ensuring a better social
security to the contemporary society, the possible suggestions are as follows:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">i)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is
extremely important to highlight that the institution of <i>Zakat</i> besides
being able to provide for the needy with material and financial security, also
possesses its own other significance in social spiritual and moral aspects of
human lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This institution does not
provide a meaningful social security for the Muslims only, but for non-Muslims
too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is hence, possible to inculcate
these significances in the hearts of today’s society through writings and
publishing articles and magazines, and also through organization of exhibitions,
seminars and dialogues, which could be held for both the public and also the
government officers.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">ii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
misconception that <i>Zakat</i> is an institution, which caters for the beggars
and low class citizens, should be refuted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is because, <i>Zakat</i> in the view of the <i>Shari’ah</i> is an
obligatory tax imposed upon the materially and financially able persons, in
helping the unfortunate ones (the poor and the needy) towards upgrading their
lives based on the spirit of brotherhood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is not meant to downgrade the position of the poor and the needy in
the society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Moreover, the fund of <i>Zakat</i>
should not be disbursed as a charity to the poor, but it should be utilized
accordingly with the aim of upgrading the life of the needy and paving the way
of brotherhood between the rich and the poor.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">iii)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
administration and application of the rules of <i>Zakat</i> should be done on
the basis of <i>Siasah al-Shari’ah</i> in an effort to meet the demands of the
ever-developing society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such a move is
aimed at ensuring that <i>Zakat</i> remains as the most ideal and practical
solution for the society, designed to provide social security system to all
citizens, regardless of their religious beliefs, races, colors or sexes.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42.55pt; tab-stops: 40.85pt 426.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<h2 dir="LTR" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">Aspirations</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h2>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face","serif"; mso-no-proof: no;">It is
sincerely hoped that, the Islamic institution of <i>Zakat</i> could slowly gain
the recognition of the modern world as the most ideal and practical solutions
in helping the poor and the needy living in the contemporary society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such aspiration is not just based on the
commandments of <i>Allah</i> (swt), but also based on the fact that it may
cater for each and every individual in the needy society, the Muslims and the
non-Muslims alike, as justified earlier in this short research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zakat is engineered to upgrade the material
and financial status of the needy, which is further enhanced by some other
added significance such as in the aspects of social, moral and spiritual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Zakat</i> operates on the Islamic concept
of brotherhood aims at strengthening the unity of the nation. Furthermore, as
its application is based on the principle of <i>Siasah al-Shari’ah</i>, it is
not impossible to see the institutions of <i>Zakat</i> emerges as the most
ideal and practical solutions in providing the contemporary society with the
perfect social security, accepted by each member of today’s world.</span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br />
<hr align="right" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">See John L.
Irwin, <i>Modern <st1:country-region w:st="on">Britain</st1:country-region>, An
Introduction</i>, 3<sup>rd</sup> Edn., Coutledge, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, 1994, at p. 73.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mahmoud
Abu-Saud, <i>Contemporary Zakat</i>, <i>Zakat </i>and Research Foundation, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Ohio</st1:state></st1:place>, 1988, at p. 193.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Abdur Rahman
Shad, <i>Zakat and Ushr</i>, Kazi Publications, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Lahore</st1:city></st1:place>, 1986, at p. 13.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See John L.
Irwin, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 80; see also “Social Security” in Michael Mann
(ed.) <i>Mac Millan Student Encyclopaedia of Sociology</i>, Mac Millan Press, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city></st1:place> 1983.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">John L.
Irwin, <i>loc. cit.</i> </span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Thomas, <i>et.
al., infra</i> at p. 304f.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">John L.
Irwin, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 80.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Thomas and
Dorothy Wilson (eds) <i>The State and Social Welfare</i>, Longman, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city></st1:place>, 1991 at p. 301.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">John L.
Irwin<i> op.cit.,</i> at p. 80.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See ‘Social Security’
in David Jary and Julia Jary, the <i>Harpers Collins Dictionary of Sociology</i>,
Harper Collins Publishers, LTD, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">New
York</st1:state></st1:place>, 1991.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Thomas, <i>et.al.</i>,
<i>op. cit.,</i> at p. 302.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i><span lang="EN-US">Id.</span></i></st1:state></st1:place><span lang="EN-US">, at p. 303.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">John L.
Irwin, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 80.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Thomas, <i>et.
al., op. cit.</i>, at p. 303.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i><span lang="EN-US">Id.</span></i></st1:state></st1:place><span lang="EN-US"> at p. 304.</span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">John L.
Irwin, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 80.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Thomas, <i>et.al.,
op. cit.,</i> at p. 304.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">John L.
Irwin, <i>op. cit.,</i> at p. 81.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Thomas, <i>et.
al, op. cit.</i>, at p. 304.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Id</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, at p. 305.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">See Social
Security Act of 1935, Jack C. Plano, Milton Greenberg, <i>The American
Political Dictionary</i>, 9<sup>th</sup></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">. Edn. 1993, at p. 509.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i><span lang="EN-US">Id.</span></i></st1:state></st1:place><span lang="EN-US">, at p. 508.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i><span lang="EN-US">Id.</span></i></st1:state></st1:place><span lang="EN-US">, at p. 509.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See, <i>Sixth
Malaysian Plan</i> 1991-95, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Kuala
Lumpur</st1:city></st1:place>, 1991 at p. 371.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Howard Jones,
<i>Social Welfare in Third World Development, </i>MacMillan Education Ltd.,
London 1990 at p. 44.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Here material
and financial assistance refer to the ‘social security’.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jack C.
Plano, <i>et. al., op, cit.</i>, at p. 509.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Charles
Zastrow, <i>An Introduction to Social Welfare</i>, Wadsworth Publishing Co., <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">California</st1:state></st1:place>, 1986 at p.
33.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Sixth
Malaysian Plan, op. cit.</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, at p. 380.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Charles
Zastrow, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 3.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Nelson W.S.
Chow, “Social Security in Hong Kong”, (ed) John F. Jones, in <i>The Common
Welfare in Hong Kong’s Social Services</i>, the Chinese University Press, Hong
Kong, 1981 at p. 117.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Thomas, <i>et.
al., op. cit.</i>, at p. 302.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">John L.
Irwin, <i>op. cit.,</i> at p. 80.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Thomas, <i>et.
al, op. cit.</i>, at p. 302.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i><span lang="EN-US">Id.</span></i></st1:state></st1:place><i><span lang="EN-US">,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> at p. 303.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jack C.
Plano, <i>at. al., op. cit., </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at p.
442.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Thomas, <i>et.
al., op. cit., </i>at p. 303.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See in
Nelson, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 117, <i>Sixth Malaysian Plan, op. cit.</i> at 0. </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">371; Thomas, <i>et. al., op. cit. </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">at p. 303 and Jack C.
Plano, <i>et. al., op. cit.</i>, at p. 508.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Thomas, <i>loc.
cit.,</i> at p. 304.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jack C.
Plano, <i>et. al., op.cit., </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at 0.
508.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i><span lang="EN-US">Id.</span></i></st1:state></st1:place><span lang="EN-US">, at p. 305.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Diana M.
Dinitto, <i>Social Welfare, Politics and Public Policy</i>, Prentice Hall, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">New Jersey</st1:state></st1:place>, 1991 at</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Sixth
Malaysian Plan, op. cit., </span></i><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1991 at p. 371.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jack C.
Plano, <i>et. al., op. cit.</i>, at p. 508.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Sixth
Malaysian Plan, op. cit., </span></i><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1991 at p. 371.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Thomas, <i>et.
al., op. cit.</i>, at p. 301.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[74]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i><span lang="EN-US">Id.</span></i></st1:state></st1:place><i><span lang="EN-US">,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> at p. 302.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[75]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i><span lang="EN-US">Id.</span></i></st1:state></st1:place><i><span lang="EN-US">,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> at p. 302f.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[76]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See in Jack
C. Plano, <i>et. al, op. cit</i>, at p. 509.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[77]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jack C.
Plano, <i>et. al, op. cit</i>, at p. 443.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[78]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dr. Abdul
Aziz bin Muhammad, <i>Zakat and Rural Development in Malaysia, </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berita Publishing, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Kuala Lumpur</st1:city></st1:place>, 1993, at p. 1.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[79]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mahmoud Abu-
Saud, <i>op. cit.,</i> at p. 193; see also M.A. Mannan, <i>infra</i>, at p.
220.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[80]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dr. Abdul
Aziz bin Muhammad, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 1.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[81]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">M.A. Manan, <i>Islamic
Economics, Theories and Practices</i>, Sh. Muhammad Ashraf Publishers, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Lahore</st1:city></st1:place>, 1001 at p. 220.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[82]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[83]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[84]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[85]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Also included
in ‘<i>Zakatable</i> properties’ are gold, silver, animal, agricultural
products, etc.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[86]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">The annual
savings is made after deducting one’s self and family maintenance and
settlement of debts from one’s income or property.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[87]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See <i>al-Qur’an</i>
at Ch. 51:19.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[88]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ibd. Qudama, <i>al-Mugghni,</i>
Cairo, 1348 AH Vol. 11 at p. 653f, as quoted in Abdur Rahman I.doi, <i>Non-Muslims
Under the Shari</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">’</span><span lang="EN-US">ah</span></i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> A.S. Noordeen, Kuala Lumpur, 1990 at p. 111.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[89]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See in Abdur
Rahman I.doi, <i>loc. cit.,</i> at p. 110f.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[90]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Al-Tabari, <i>Tafsir
al-Tabari</i>, Vol. 2, <st1:city w:st="on">Cairo</st1:city> (n.d.) at 159 at
quoted in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i>Id</i>.</st1:state></st1:place>,
at p. 111.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[91]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See the words
<i>Fuqara</i> and <i>Masakin</i> at 9:60 of the Holy <i>Qur’an</i> which do
include any needy and destitute regardless of one’s religion.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[92]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">M.A. Mannan, <i>op.
cit</i>., at p. 284.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[93]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Saad Abdur
Sattar al-Harran, <i>Islamic Finance Partnership Finance, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Pelanduk Puboications</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Malaysia</st1:country-region></st1:place>,</i>
1993 at p. 121</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[94]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">al-<i>Qur’an</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">, Ch. 2:177.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[95]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">M.A. Mannan, <i>op.
cit.</i>, at p. 220.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[96]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[97]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See al-<i>Qur’an</i>,
Ch. 104:1-9.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[98]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i>Id.</i></st1:state></st1:place>, Ch. 51:19.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[99]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">El-Gouri,
A.M., <i>Riba, Islamic Law and Interest</i>, (u.p.) <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Temple</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place>,
1982 at p. 251ff.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[100]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">As quoted in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i>Id.</i></st1:state></st1:place>, at p. 285.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[101]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[102]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See in M.A.
Mannan, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 284.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref103" name="_ftn103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[103]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mahmoud Abu
Saud, <i>op. cit.,</i> at p. 40.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref104" name="_ftn104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[104]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">A.A. Islahi,
“Islamic Distribution Scheme, A Concise Statement” (ed.) Dr. F.R. Faridi, <i>et.al</i>,
in <i>Journal of Studies</i>, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1993 at p. 109.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref105" name="_ftn105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[105]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See A.A.
Islahi, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 109.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref106" name="_ftn106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[106]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dr. Abdul Aziz
bin Muhammad, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 1.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref107" name="_ftn107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[107]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">M.A. Mannan, <i>op.
cit.</i> at p. 284.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref108" name="_ftn108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[108]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">A.A. Islahi, <i>op.
cit.</i>, at p. 109.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref109" name="_ftn109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[109]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">El-Gourt, <i>op.
cit.</i> at p. 251ff.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref110" name="_ftn110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[110]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">A.A. Islahi, <i>op.
cit.</i>, at p. 109.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref111" name="_ftn111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[111]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See al-<i>Qur’an</i>,
Ch. 9:60.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn112" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref112" name="_ftn112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[112]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See al-<i>Qur’an</i>,
Ch. 9:60.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn113" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref113" name="_ftn113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[113]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn114" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref114" name="_ftn114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[114]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Abdullah
Yusuf Ali, (Eng, Trans.) <i>The Holy Qur’an</i> at n. 1320.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn115" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref115" name="_ftn115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[115]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Saad Abdul
Sattar al-Harran, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 122.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn116" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref116" name="_ftn116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[116]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See M.A.
Mannan, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 284.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn117" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref117" name="_ftn117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[117]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See A.A.
Islahi, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 109.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn118" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref118" name="_ftn118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[118]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Dr. Abdul
Aziz bin Muhammad, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 1.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn119" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref119" name="_ftn119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[119]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See al-<i>Qur’an</i>,
Ch. 9:60.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn120" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref120" name="_ftn120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[120]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Abdur
Rahman, Idoi, <i>op. cit.,</i> at p. 110f.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn121" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref121" name="_ftn121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[121]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See al-<i>Qur’an</i>,
Ch. 9:60.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn122" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref122" name="_ftn122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[122]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Abdullah
Yusuf Ali, (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Eng.</st1:country-region></st1:place>
Trans.), <i>The Holy Qur’an</i>, at n. 1320.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn123" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref123" name="_ftn123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[123]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Goods and
properties here also include savings, products and so on.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn124" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref124" name="_ftn124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[124]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Besides the
mandatory taxes imposed, the modern social security scheme also derives its
fund from Contributory Benefits scheme which sources come from willful
contributions made by employers and employees.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref125" name="_ftn125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[125]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Although, the
fund of <i>Zakat</i> is from mandatory taxes determined by <i>Allah</i> (<i>swt</i>),
it is also impliedly and simultaneously accepts willful contributions from the
public.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref126" name="_ftn126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[126]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Abdur
Rahman Saad, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 68.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn127" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div align="right" class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref127" name="_ftn127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[127]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr. Abdul
Aziz bin Muhammad, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p.1.</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref128" name="_ftn128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[128]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abdur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rahman Saad, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 70.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn129" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref129" name="_ftn129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[129]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Business license
refers to any form of trade, see <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i>Id</i>.</st1:state></st1:place>
at p. 68.</span></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn130" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref130" name="_ftn130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[130]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i>Id.</i></st1:state></st1:place> at p. 72.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn131" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref131" name="_ftn131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[131]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See generally Dr.
Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad, <i>op. cit</i>, at p. 1f.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref132" name="_ftn132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[132]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See Chika Umar
Aliyu, “<i>Fiqh al-Muamalat and the Need for Islamic Economies:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A Clarification of Misconception”,</i> (ed.)
Dr. F.R. Faridi, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 94.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn133" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref133" name="_ftn133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[133]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See Mahmud Abu Saad,
<i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 193.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn134" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref134" name="_ftn134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[134]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The three-fold tradable
test mentioned before this is to determine whether the goods or properties are <i>Zakatable</i>
or not.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn135" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div align="right" class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref135" name="_ftn135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[135]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See <i>al-Qur'an</i>
Ch 9:60 where all the identified beneficiaries are non-contributory based.</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn136" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref136" name="_ftn136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[136]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See <i>Ibid</i>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn137" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref137" name="_ftn137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[137]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See Thomas, <i>et.
al., op. cit.</i>, at p. 303ff, Jack C. Plano, <i>op. cit., </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at p. 508f and the Sixth Malaysia Plan, <i>op.
cit.</i> at p. 380.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref138" name="_ftn138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[138]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cited in
al-Qardhawi, <i>Fiqh al-Zakat</i>, Vol. at p. 623.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref139" name="_ftn139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[139]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mahmud Abu
Saud, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 173ff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
principal authorities in the <i>Qur’an</i> are at Ch. 9:60, 30:38, and 8:41.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref140" name="_ftn140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[140]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Note that the
interpretation of the word <i>Masakin</i> is very broad.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref141" name="_ftn141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[141]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See al-<i>Qur’an</i>,
Ch. 9:60 together with <i>n</i>. 1320 of Abdullah Yusof Ali, <i>op. cit.</i></span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref142" name="_ftn142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[142]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See al-<i>Qur’an</i>,
<i>loc. cit.</i></span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref143" name="_ftn143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[143]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref144" name="_ftn144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[144]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See <st1:place w:st="on"><st2:givenname w:st="on">Abdur</st2:givenname> <st2:middlename w:st="on">Rahman</st2:middlename>
<st2:sn w:st="on">I.</st2:sn></st1:place> Doi, <i>op. cit.</i> at pp. 110ff,
117.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref145" name="_ftn145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[145]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Al-Baladhuri, <i>Kutub
al-Buldah</i>, at p. 177 as cited in <i>Ibid.</i></span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref146" name="_ftn146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[146]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See M.A.
Mannan, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 284.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref147" name="_ftn147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[147]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See A.A.
Islahi, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 109.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref148" name="_ftn148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[148]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Dr. Abdul
Aziz bin Muhammad, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 1.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn149" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref149" name="_ftn149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[149]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See both
categories in <i>al</i>-<i>Qur’an</i>, Ch. 9:60.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn150" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref150" name="_ftn150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[150]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Abdullah
Yusuf Ali, The Holy <i>Qur’an</i> at 9:60.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref151" name="_ftn151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[151]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See <i>Faqir</i>
and <i>Miskin</i> in Bassam Sulaiman Abughosh, <i>et. al.</i>, <i>Glossary of
Islamic Terminology</i>, Taha Publishers Ltd. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city></st1:place>, 1993.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref152" name="_ftn152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[152]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See <i>Faqir</i>
and <i>Miskin</i> in Thomas Patrick Hughes, <i>Dictionary of Islam</i>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city></st1:place>, 1985.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn153" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref153" name="_ftn153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[153]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See <i>Faqir</i>
in H.A.R. Gibb, <i>et. al.</i>, <i>Shorter Encyclopedia of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Islam</st1:city><span style="font-style: normal;">, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Netherlands</st1:country-region></span></st1:place><span style="font-style: normal;">, 1974.</span></i></span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref154" name="_ftn154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[154]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See <i>Miskin</i>
in M. Th Houtsma, <i>et. al, </i>(eds), <i>The Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city></st1:place>, 1936.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn155" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref155" name="_ftn155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[155]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See ‘poor’ on
Lesley Brown, (ed) <i>The New Shorter Oxford English </i>Dictionary, Clarendon
Press, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city></st1:place>,
1993.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn156" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref156" name="_ftn156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[156]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See ‘needy’ in
<i>Ibid.</i></span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref157" name="_ftn157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[157]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See ‘poor’ in
Noah Webster, <i>Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English
Language, </i>Prentice Hall Press, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">New
York</st1:state></st1:place>, 1983.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref158" name="_ftn158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[158]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See ‘needy’ in
<i>Ibid</i>.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref159" name="_ftn159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[159]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ibn Qudamah
Muwaffiq al-Din bin Qudamah al-Madiri, <i>Al-Mughni Cairo,</i> 1348 AH, Vol. 1
at p. 370 as cited in Abdur Rahman I. Doi, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 111.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn160" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref160" name="_ftn160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[160]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">al-<i>Qur’an</i>, Ch. 9:60.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn161" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref161" name="_ftn161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[161]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">As mentioned
in Abdur Rahman I. Doi, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 110ff.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn162" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref162" name="_ftn162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[162]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Abu Yusof,
<i>Kitabul Kharaj</i>, at p. 144, as quoted in Abdur Rahman I. Doi, <i>op. cit.</i>,
at p. 111.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn163" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref163" name="_ftn163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[163]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Al-Baladhuri, <i>op.
cit.</i>, as quoted in <i>loc. cit.</i>, at p. 117.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref164" name="_ftn164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[164]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Abu Yusuf, <i>op.
cit.</i> at p. 144 as quoted in Abdur Rahman I. Doi, <i>loc. cit.</i></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref165" name="_ftn165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[165]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See in Abdur
Rahman I. Doi, <i>loc. cit.</i></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref166" name="_ftn166" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn166;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[166]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i><span lang="EN-US">Id.</span></i></st1:state></st1:place><span lang="EN-US">, at p. 110.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref167" name="_ftn167" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn167;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[167]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ibn. Qudama, <i>op.
cit.</i>, see in <i>Id</i> at p. 111.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref168" name="_ftn168" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn168;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[168]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Al-Nawai, <i>Al-Minhaj</i>,
as quoted in Abdur Rahman I. Doi, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 118.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref169" name="_ftn169" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn169;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[169]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ramli
Shamsuddin, Nihayatul Muhtaj ila Shahrul Minhaj, Bulaq, 1292 SH. Vol. 8 Sy 46,
as quoted in Abdur Rahman I. Doi, <i>loc. cit.</i></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref170" name="_ftn170" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn170;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[170]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Abdur
Rahman I. Doi, <i>loc. cit</i>. at p. 117.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref171" name="_ftn171" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn171;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[171]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i><span lang="EN-US">Id.</span></i></st1:state></st1:place><span lang="EN-US">, at p. 110.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref172" name="_ftn172" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn172;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[172]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Thomas, <i>et.
al., op. cit.</i> at p. 301.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref173" name="_ftn173" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn173;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[173]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Al-Baladhuri, <i>op.
cit.</i> as cited in Abdur Rahman I. Doi, <i>op. cit.</i> at p. 117.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="LTR" style="-ms-text-justify: kashida; direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref174" name="_ftn174" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn174;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[174]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Sahia al-Bukhari</i> (Trans.) Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan,
Vol. 111, Kazi Publications, Lahore, 1983, No. 35 at p. 23.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref175" name="_ftn175" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn175;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[175]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Thomas, <i>et.al.,
op. cit.</i> at p. 302.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref176" name="_ftn176" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn176;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[176]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See <i>al</i>-<i>Qur’an</i>
at Ch. 51:19.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref177" name="_ftn177" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn177;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[177]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See John L.
Irwin, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 80.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn178" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref178" name="_ftn178" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn178;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[178]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Sahih Muslim</i> as compiled in Al-Nawawi, <i>Forty Hadith</i>
(Trans. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Eng.</st1:country-region></st1:place>)
Ezzeddin Ibrahim, IIFSO, 1985, No. 36,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>at p 114.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref179" name="_ftn179" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn179;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[179]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn180" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref180" name="_ftn180" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn180;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[180]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ramli,
Shamsudin, <i>op. cit.</i>, at p. 46, as quoted in Abdur Rahman I. Doi, <i>op.
cit.</i> at p. 118.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref181" name="_ftn181" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn181;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[181]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Thomas, <i>et.
al., op. cit.</i>, at p. 303.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn182" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref182" name="_ftn182" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn182;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[182]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See al-<i>Qur’an</i>,
Ch. 9:60.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref183" name="_ftn183" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn183;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[183]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Sahih
al-Bukhari</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, <i>op. cit.</i>, No. 34 at p. 23.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref184" name="_ftn184" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn184;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[184]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Sahih al-Bukhari</i> <i>op.cit.</i>, No. 34 at p. 23.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref185" name="_ftn185" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn185;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[185]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><i><span lang="EN-US">Id.</span></i></st1:state></st1:place><span lang="EN-US">, No. 36 at p. 24.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref186" name="_ftn186" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn186;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[186]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Ibid.</i></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn187" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref187" name="_ftn187" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn187;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[187]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ramli
Shamsuddin, <i>op. cit.</i> as cited in Abdur Rahmaan I. Doi, <i>op. cit.</i>,
at p. 118.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref188" name="_ftn188" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn188;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[188]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Thomas, <i>et.
al., op. cit.</i>, at p. 303f.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref189" name="_ftn189" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn189;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[189]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See <i>al</i>-<i>Qur’an</i>,
Ch. 9:60.</span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref190" name="_ftn190" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn190;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[190]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">al</span></i><span lang="EN-US">-<i>Qur’an</i> </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Ch.2:185.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref191" name="_ftn191" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn191;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[191]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See the <i>Holy
Qur’an</i>, at 49:11.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref192" name="_ftn192" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn192;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[192]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See <i>al</i>-<i>Qur’an</i>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Ch.</st1:country-region></st1:place>
9:60, the words <i>Fuqara</i> and <i>Masakin</i> refer to the ‘poor’ and the
‘needy’ in the society, regardless of their religion, race, sex, or color.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref193" name="_ftn193" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn193;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[193]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See Mahmoud
Abu Saud, <i>op. cit.</i>. at p. 38ff.</span></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/My%20WEB-Links/My%204%20BLOGS%20%20(active)/My%204%20BLOGS%20(Messages%20&amp;%20Articles)/MESSAGES%20&amp;%20ARTICLES/billah's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Articles%20for%20masum's%20thought%20for%20the%20day/Article%20(Posted)/ZAKAT%20(masum).doc#_ftnref194" name="_ftn194" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn194;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="-ms-layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[194]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">See M.A.
Mannan, <i>op. cit. </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at p. 220.</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1640774276190282353.post-382860650952786442013-03-22T07:44:00.002-07:002013-03-22T07:44:29.439-07:00Divine Fiscal Policy towards Socio-economic Justice for All?
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">Fiscal
</span><span style="color: #741b47;">policy contributes to the deliberate changes in government spending and tax
collections to achieve full employment, control inflation and encourage
economic growth.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">In the Islamic
economic system, as to macroeconomics level, <i>Zakat</i> is the major tool in
the fiscal policy that affects the resource allocation, level of aggregate
demand as well as distribution of income. The variations in disposable income
and fixed and circulating capital were the result of the variations in the
volume and timing of collection and disbursement of <i>Zakat</i>. As the <i>Zakat</i>
are levied from the wealth, the importance of this tool is enhanced with high
ratio of <i>Zakat</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Central government sometimes uses budgetary
actions to <i>“stimulate the economy”</i> or <i>“reign the inflation”</i>
because it may be due to significant decline in aggregate demand that can cause
recession cyclical unemployment and whereas, an excessive increase in aggregate
demand can cause demand-pull inflation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">The Holy
Qur’an rules out to the effect: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">“<span style="color: #741b47;"><i>Verily the sadaqat ( i.e taxes on Muslims ) are only for the
needy and the poor and those work for these (taxes) are those whose hearts are
to be reconciled and to free the necks (i.e slaves and prisoners of war) and
the heavily-indebted and in the path of God and for the wayfarer-a duty imposed
by God; God is Knower, Wise” </i>(9:60).</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">The
above-mentioned verse provides the principles of State’s expenditure in Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;"><i>Sadaqat</i> is also synonymous with <i>Zakat,
</i>which implies the State tax on Muslims. These taxes may come from taxes on
industry, businesses, jewellery, income and savings, but excluding the revenues
levied on non-Muslims. The needy (<i>fuqara’)</i> and the poor (<i>masakin</i>)
are almost synonymous, but scholars differ in their opinions on these terms.
During Caliph <i>Umar</i> (recorded by Abu Yousuf in his <i>Kitab Al-Kharaj </i>and
<i>Ibn Abi Shaibah </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in his <i>musannaf</i>
), <i>fuqara’ </i>are among Muslims and <i>masakin</i> are among non-Muslims
who are residing in the Islamic territory, meanwhile, according to <i>Shafi’</i>
, these 2 terms are definitely synonymous and that God, out of His bounty,
named them twice in order to make a double provision. So, it is the duty of the
State to ensure that the needs of these groups are fulfilled in terms of food,
clothing and etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">In addition, <i>those hearts are to be
reconciled (mu’allafah)</i>, in modern term is referred to as “secret fund”.
According to <i>Abu Yala al Farra</i> says: “As to those whose hearts are to be
won, they are of four kinds:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">Those whose hearts are to be won for their coming to the aid of Muslim.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">For abstaining from doing harm to Muslims or<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">For inviting them to embrace Islam or<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">For inviting through them their clans and families to embrace Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">Moreover,
<i>“freeing the necks”</i> means that, spending to which helping to free slaves
and the prisoners of war. The Holy <i>Qur’an </i>rules out:<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #741b47;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><o:p><span style="color: #741b47;"> </span></o:p></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">“…and any of your slaves ask for a deed in writing ( to enable them
to earn their freedom for a certain sum ), give them such a</span> <span style="color: #741b47;">deed if ye know any
good in them: yea, give them something yourselves out of the means which God
has given to you. But force not your maids to prostitution when they desire
chastity, in order that ye may make a gain in the goods of this life. But if
anyone compels them, yet, after such compulsion, is God, oft-forgiving, most
merciful to them” </span></span></i></span><span style="color: #741b47;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";">(24:33).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">So, the
government plays such an important role in providing such funding in order to
help this group of people to freely live their lives. For instance, during the
time of <i>Umayyad</i>, caliph <i>Umar ibn Abdul Aziz</i> (reported by <i>Sa’d</i>),
says, that the payment of the ransoms by the Muslims government includes
liberating even the non-Muslim subjects who would have been made prisoners by
the enemy. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">The next
category goes to: <i>“those who are heavily indebted”</i> means those who are
suffered from flood, earthquake and etc which are beyond their control. For
such instance, during the time of caliph <i>Umar ibn Abdul Aziz, </i>he sets up
a provision called the Public Treasury in order to lend money, interest-free
loans to these people to help them start a new life and he also lend the money
to merchants for fixed period and the Treasury is participating in their
business or also known as <i>musyarakah</i>. The same thing applies to the
State expenditure, known as the <i>social insurance</i>, in which somebody who
were found guilty of involuntary homicide and was unable of paying the blood
money required by law, the State enforced its power by helping him pays for the
compensation as it is listed in the government budget.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">Moreover, <i>“in the path of Allah (swt)”</i> is referred to as
contributing to all charitable works such as helping students, grants and aids
in religious causes such as the construction of mosque, etc. Lastly, it does
concern with the communications and tourism such as the construction of bridges,
roads, hotels, restaurants, security of routes (police included) and etc.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #741b47;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><span style="color: #741b47;">The aforementioned Divine rulings are to facilitate the fiscal
policy in macroeconomics measures, their effective implementation shall be
depending on the government concerned with due efficiency.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><o:p><span style="color: #741b47;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><o:p><span style="color: #741b47;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: #741b47;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><o:p><span style="color: #741b47;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
Mohd. Ma'sum Billahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14029507777590329011noreply@blogger.com0